Hubungan kebiasaan merokok, konsumsi alkohol dan paparan sinar matahari dengan kejadian katarak di Kabupaten Sintang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat
DARMADI, dr. Wasisdi Gunawan, SpM(K)
2007 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat (Epidemiologi LapangaLatar belakang: Penglihatan merupakan indra yang sangat penting dalam menentukan kualitas hidup manusia. Penurunan penglihatan yang disebabkan oleh kebutaan menjadi masalah kesehatan. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara di Asia yang menduduki angka kebutaan tertinggi. Survei prevalensi Depkes RI tahun 1993-1995 diketahui kebutaan sebesar 1,5%. Berbagai faktor yang meningkatkan terjadinya katarak usia, jenis kelamin, paparan sinar matahari, diabetes melitus, hipertensi, merokok, konsumsi alkohol, steroid, myopia, glaukoma, dehidrasi berat, dan infeksi virus dimasa pertumbuhan janin. Tujuan penelitian: Untuk mengetahui hubungan kebiasaan merokok, konsumsi alkohol, dan paparan sinar matahari dengan kejadian katarak di Kabupaten Sintang. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasi dengan rancangan penelitian kasus kontrol. Kasus adalah pasien didiagnosa katarak dan berumur 40 tahun keatas diambil dari rekap medik RS Ade Mohammad Djoen Sintang tahun 2006. Kontrol disetarakan (matching) sesuai usia, jenis kelamin. Variabel bebas : kebiasaan merokok, konsumsi alkohol dan paparan sinar matahari. Variabel terikat: kejadian katarak. Analisa data univariat untuk melihat distribusi frekuensi. Analisis bivariat untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen. Analisa multivariat untuk mengetahui faktor risiko dan variabel dominan. Instrumen yang digunakan diagnosis, kuesioner, glukose stik, dan gelas ukur. Hasil: Subyek penelitian sebanyak 79 kasus dan 79 kontrol. Hasil penelian diperoleh kebiasaan merokok pada kasus 54 orang dan kontrol 35 orang, variabel mengkonsumsi alkohol pada kasus 28 (35,4%) dan kontrol 15 (19%) dan variabel bekerja dengan paparan sinar matahari pada kasus 64 (81%) dan kontrol 45 (57%). Hasil uji bivariat menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan merokok (p=0,002) OR=2,715 (95% CI: 1,418-5,199), konsumsi alkohol (p=0,020) OR=2,342 (95% CI: 1,132-4,847) paparan sinar matahari (p=0,001) OR=3,224 (95% CI: 1,573-6,605) dengan kejadian katarak. Hasil uji multivariat variabel merokok (OR=2,287), paparan sinar matahari (OR=2,842) merupakan variabel dominan terhadap kejadian katarak. Kesimpulan: Variabel merokok, konsumsi alkohol dan paparan sinar matahari mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian katarak. Variabel dominan yang menjadi model kejadian katarak kebiasaan merokok dan paparan sinar matahari.
Background: Vision is a very important sense in determining the quality of human’s life. Vision declining which was caused by blindness could become a health problem. Indonesia is one of the countries in Asia which has the highest blindness rate. The prevalence survey of Department of Health in the year of 1993 – 1995 was known as the greatest blindness with 1,5%. Various factors that could improve the incident of cataract were age, sex, sun exposure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, steroid, myopia, glaucoma, heavy dehydration, and virus infection in the growth period of the fetus. Objective: This research was aimed to find out the relationship of smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and sun exposure with the incident of cataract in the district of Sintang. Method: This was an observational research that used a case control research design. The case was patients who were diagnosed cataract and more than 40 years old of age who were chosen from medical record of Ade Mohammad Djoen Sintang hospital in the year of 2006. The control was matched with age, sex, and the independent variable was smoking habit, alcohol consumption and sun exposure. The dependent variable was cataract incident and univariate data was used to analyze the frequency distribution. The bivariate analysis was aimed to find out the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Multivariate analysis was aimed to find out the risk factor and dominant variable. The used instrument was diagnose, questioner, glucose stick and calibrated beaker. Result: The research subject was 79 cases and 79 controls. The result of the research obtained that smoking habit in the case group was 54 people and 35 people in control group, variable of consuming alcohol in the case group was 28 people (35,4%) and control group was 15 people (19%) and variable of working with the sun exposure in the case group was 64 people (81%) and control group was 45 people (57%). The result of bivariate test showed a significant relationship of smoking (p=0,002) OR = 2,715 (95% CI: 1,418 – 5,199), alcohol consumption (p = 0,020) OR = 2,342 (95% CI: 1,132 – 4,847), sun exposure (p=0,001) OR = 3,224 (95% CI:1,573-6,605) with the incident of cataract with sun exposure (OR=2,842) which was a dominant variable toward the cataract incident. Conclusion: Smoking variable, alcohol consumption and sun exposure had significant relationship with cataract incident. The dominant variable that becomes a model for cataract was incident and sun exposure.
Kata Kunci : Katarak,Merokok dan Alkohol,Sinar Matahari
