Perbandingan manifestasi konflik kekerasan yang terjadi di Kota Yogyakarta dan Surakarta pada peristiwa Mei 1998

CAHYONO, Moch. Faried, Dr. Nanang Pamuji Mugasejati

2007 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan Nasional (Magister Perdamaian dan Res

Study ini dimaksudkan untuk ( a). Mengetahui perbedaan-perbedaan manifestasi konflik kekerasan di Yogyakarta dan Surakarta ketika kekuasaan negara Orde Baru runtuh. (b). Mengetahui peran pihak-pihak di pemerintahan (birokrasi sipil, polisi dan militer) tokoh masyarakat dan massa, dalam kaitannya dengan upaya menghentikan kekerasan di dua kota tersebut. (c). Mendapatkan basis informasi yang memungkinkan dipahaminya cara pencegahan kekerasan di masa yang akan datang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krisis ekonomi menyebabkan kesulitan hidup bagi masyarakat Yogyakarta dan Suakarta. Dampak krisis lebih berat dirasakan warga Surakarta dimana disparitas meningkat lebih tinggi dibanding di Yogyakarta. Kemampuan warga Surakarta dalam membantu komunitasnya, lebih rendah dibandingkan warga Yogyakarta. Bantuan pemerintah lebih rendah intensitasnya di Surakarta. Hubungan sosial Di Surakarta secara umum lebih rendah. Derajat toleransi dan keterbukaan warga Yogyakarta lebih tinggi dibandingkan warga Surakarta dengan lebih bervariasinya sumber informasi/berita. Potensi konflik lebih tinggi intensitasnya di Yogya, namun warga Surakarta memiliki kecenderungan menggunakan kekerasan dalam menyelesaikan masalah dibanding warga Yogyakarta. Hubungan antar etnis lebih baik di Yogyakarta. Birokrasi Yogyakarta lebih luas jangkauannya dibanding di Surakarta. Warga Surakarta merasa lebih terdiskriminasi di sekolah, di masyarakat maupun di tempat kerja serta di organisasi dibanding warga Yogyakarta.. Warga Surakarta lebih berorganisasi dibanding warga Yogyakarta, tetapi lebih sektarian. Warga Yogyakarta lebih terbuka dengan warga beda etnis/agama. Peran elit dalam menyelesaikan konflik lebih dominan di Yogyakarta. Peran polisi dan militer rendah secara umum, tapi di Surakarta intensitas lebih rendah.dibanding di Yogyakarta. Secara khusus wara Arab Solo tidak mengalami kekerasan karena kemampuan dalam beradaptasi dengan pribumi. Mereka juga mendapatkan bantuan memadai dari birokrasi, militer dan polisi. Fakta yang ditemui, warga Yogyakarta mampu mengelola konflik menjadi damai sementara di Solo konflik tak berhasil dikelola dan bermuara pada kekerasan berbentuk kerusuhan masif.

The objective of this research was to study about: a. the differences between Yogyakarta’s and Surakarta’s conflict violence manifestation in May at 1998 when the Suharto’s authoritarian regime had fallen down; b. to portray the role of civil servants, police and military, mass and its leaders in managing the conflict; c. having a basis of information which point with the way for managing the conflict in the future. The result of the study show us how economic crisis had given a bad impact to societes both in Yogyakarta and Surakarta. But the impact of the crisis make things worsen for Surakarta’s than to people of Yogyakarta. The econonomic disparities among people in Surakarta was more worsen than Yogyakarta’s and contributed to unmanage conflict into violence. The impact of the crisis in Surakarta more worse than Yogyakarta because the Surakarta’s had less ability to help among each other in the community than Yogyakarta’s. The social enggement in Yogyakarta was better than Surakarta’s. The relations between different etnic and religious in Yogyakarta was better than Surakarta’s. Yogyakarta’s felt that potensial conflict in their town was bigger than in Surakarta. Surakarta’s were inclined in resolving their problem with violence than Yogyakarta’s. Beaurocratic system in Yogyakarta had a more open handed than Surakarta’s and potensially its contribute in resolving the conflict. Yogyakarta’s more tolerence than Surakarta’s. Yogyakarta’s had more open mind in consuming information than Surakarta’s. Though Surakarta’s having more organized character but they were more sectarian than Yogyakarta’s. The role of elites of Yogyakarta’s in resolving the conflict were more better than elites of Surakarta’s. The role of the police and militery in resolving conflict and stopping the violence generaly at the low level and roling a lower level for Surakarta’s. The Arabs in Surakarta had no violence in May 1998 because they had a good relations with pribumi, policy, military and civil servants. The conflict violence on May 1998 change into peace in Yogyakarta because Yogyakarta’s people could manage the conflict contrary with the Surakarta’s situation.

Kata Kunci : Konflik Kekerasan,Yogyakarta dan Solo,Mei 1998, economic crisis, conflict, violence, managing conflict, peace