Pembukaan Perwakilan Diplomatik Antar Negara atas Dasar Azas Kesepakatan Bersama

SUTANTO, Very Werson, Prof.Dr. Sumaryo Suryokusumo, SH.,LLM

2007 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Hukum

Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor esensial dalam pembukaan perwakilan diplomatik, urgensi pembukaan perwakilan diplomatik dalam pembukaan hubungan diplomatik, korelasi pembukaan perwakilan diplomatik dan pembukaan perwakilan konsuler, dan akhirnya mengenai makna asas kesepakatan bersama dalam hal pembukaan perwakilan diplomatik antar negara. Tesis ini ditulis berdasarkan penelitian hukum normatif dengan dengan melakukan studi dokumen. Dalam rangka mencapai penjabaran yang jelas, maka hasil penelitian dianalisa secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hubungan diplomatik suatu negara dengan negara lainnya didasarkan atas Konvensi Wina 1961 mengenai Hubungan Diplomatik dan perjanjian khusus di antara dua negara yang akan mengadakan hubungan diplomatik tersebut. Beberapa faktor penting dalam pembukaan perwakilan diplomatik yang perlu disepakati yakni Tingkatan Kepala Perwakilan, Akreditasi, Jumlah Staf, Persetujuan (Agrément), Pemasangan Logo dan Bendera, Bantuan Negara Penerima dalam hal Akomodasi, Pengangkatan Staf berdasarkan prinsip Free Appointment dan Non-Free Appointment selain kewajiban antar kedua negara satu sama lain. Perlu pula diketahui bahwa di dalam hukum kebiasaan diplomatik, pembukaan hubungan diplomatik tersebut tidak selalu diikuti segera dengan pembukaan perwakilan diplomatik. Kemampuan suatu negara secara menyeluruh dalam berbagai aspek perlu diperhitungkan secara matang oleh negara pengirim. Dalam Konvensi Wina tentang Hubungan-Hubungan Konsuler 1963 ditetapkan bahwa negara yang sudah mengakui kedaulatan negara lain dan membuka hubungan diplomatik, maka secara otomatis membuka hubungan konsuler (dilakukan dengan persetujuan timbal balik kedua negara). Meskipun telah membuka perwakilan diplomatik, sesuatu negara dapat untuk tidak membuka Perwakilan Konsuler. Namun sebelum membuka Perwakilan diplomatik, sesuatu negara dapat membuka hubungan konsuler dahulu sebagai tahap awal membuka perwakilan diplomatik. Putusnya hubungan diplomatik, tidak berarti putus pula hubungan konsuler. Ketentuan Hukum Internasional menyatakan bahwa jika dua negara yang memiliki hak keterwakilan sepakat mengadakan hubungan diplomatik tetap satu sama lain, masing-masing negara yang bersangkutan dapat mendirikan perwakilan diplomatik secara timbal balik.

This research aims at describing the essential factors within diplomatic mission establishment, the urgency towards diplomatic mission establishment related to the establishment of diplomatic relation, the correlation between the establishment of diplomatic mission and consular mission establishment, and finaly about the meaning of mutual consent principle in the context of the establishment of the inter-state diplomatic mission. This is a normative juridical research which is based on literary research by applying document study in gathering the data. In turn to achieve a clear description, this research was analyzed qualitatively by using descriptive method. The establishment and the maintaining of diplomatic relation among states based on similar right is a real manifestation of sovereignty. As an independent and sovereign entity, a state sends representatives to the capital of another state in order to represent its interests, to negotiate any issues, to promote the relation between them while preventing misunderstanding and international dispute. The inter-state diplomatic relation juridically based on The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relation 1961 and the principle of mutual consent within a special agreement laid on a treaty. A few essential factors needed to be agreed in establishing diplomatic mission, namely head of mission, accreditation, size of mission, agrément, the using of flag and emblem, accomodation, the appointment of staff based on free appointment and non-free appointment principle. It also needed to know that in the diplomatic customary law, the establishment of diplomatic relation as such was not always followed by the establishment of diplomatic mission. A sending state capacity had to be thougt over in all sides. In another chance, Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963 assigns that the consent given to the establishment of diplomatic relations between two states implies, unless otherwise stated, consent to the establishment of consular relations. In spite of a state has established diplomatic mission, it itself is able not to establish the consular post. Yet before establishing diplomatic mission, a state is able firstly to establish a consular relation as a beginning step to the establishment of diplomatic mission. The severance of diplomatic relations shall not ipso facto involve the severance of consular relations. The international law assigns if two states possessing the right of legation are agreed on instituting permanent diplomatic relations with one another, each may establish a diplomatic mission with the other.

Kata Kunci : Hukum Diplomatik,Pembukaan Perwakilan Diplomatik,Azas Kesepakatan,The establishment of diplomatic mission, state, mutual consent