Kinerja pengelolaan kredit mikro Pembinaan Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani-Nelayan Kecil (P4K) di Kabupaten Lombok Barat Juli 2004-Juni 2005

ALI, Fadliah, Lincolin Arsyad, Ph.D

2006 | Tesis | Magister Ekonomika Pembangunan

Masalah utama dalam pengembangan usaha kecil adalah keterbatasan modal. Sebagian besar usaha kecil tidak memiliki cukup modal untuk mengembangkan usahnya, termasuk petani nelayan kecil. Program Pembinaan Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Nelayan Kecil (P4K) yang dimulai tahun 1979/1980 merupakan salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam membantu penyediaan kredit mikro bagi petani nelayan kecil di Indonesia. Program P4K di Kabupaten Lombok Barat Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, merupakan salah satu program pengentasan kemiskinan petani nelayan kecil dengan pola pembinaan dan penyediaan kredit mikro. Sampai dengan tahun 2005 program P4K di Kabupaten Lombok Barat telah memberikan kredit bagi 1.085 kelompok petani nelayan kecil. Dalam rangka melihat sampai seberapa jauh perkembangan program P4K di daerah ini, perlu diadakan penelitian tentang hal itu dengan tujuan: (1) mengevaluasi pelaksanaan kredit mikro P4K dan (2) menganalisis kinerja P4K. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan teknik survai. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diambil dari petani/nelayan yang mendapatkan kredit mikro P4K, sedangkan data sekunder diambil dari institusi yang terkait dengan program P4K berupa laporan, data dan informasi pendukung. Survai dilakukan dengan wawancara terhadap 63 petani nelayan yang mendapatkan kredit P4K sebagai responden, yang diambil secara random, berasal dari 3 kecamatan di Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) mekanisme pengelolaan P4K di Kabupaten Lombok Barat berjalan baik karena dukungan kelembagaan, pemerintah, petugas dan petani, (2) peran PPL selaku pendamping KPK sangat penting terutama dalam pembinaan, penyaluran dan pengembalian kredit P4K, (3) petani mengambil kredit karena kredit berupa uang, bunga rendah, prosedur cukup mudah dan pelayanan cukup baik, (4) sebagian besar usaha yang dijalankan responden adalah dagang bakulan/keliling sedangkan anggota terbanyak terdiri dari campuran pria dan wanita, (5) kelancaran pengembalian kredit P4K dapat dilihat dari tingkat pembayaran (angsuran) yang cukup bagus mencapai 87,97% dan tingkat tunggakan yang relatif kecil yaitu sebesar 10,96%, namun demikian dari aspek pengembalian kredit secara kuantitas masih banyak kelompok petani nelayan kecil yang belum mentaati kewajibannya sehingga masih ada 87,74% kelompok yang anggotanya lalai dalam pengembalian pinjaman, (6) rata-rata tagihan pinjaman yang dapat ditarik perpetugas sebesar 2,64% dari rata-rata kredit yang disalurkan perpetugas sebesar 4%, (7) rasio efisiensi pemberian kredit 0,1 yang berarti sangat efisien, dan (8) lokasi P4K tersebar pada 12 kecamatan dengan jangkauan 50% dari jumlah kelurahan/desa yang ada.

The major problem on the development of small-scale business is the capital limitation. Most of small-scale businesses do not have enough capital to improve their business, including the small scale of fisherman. The establishment Program of Small scale of Fisherman Improvement (in Indonesia Program Pembinaan PeningkatanPendapatan Petani nelayan Kecil, so called P4K) that was started in 1979/1980 as one of the government effort to help the small scale of fisherman in providing micro credit. The P4K in West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the government programs in raising poverty of small-scale fisherman under the program of Establishment and providing micro credit. Until the year 2005, the program of P4K in West Lombok regency has gave credit for 1,085 group of small scale of fisherman. In order to understand how was the improvement of this P4K program in this local circumstance, the investigation was carried out with several aims such as, 1) To evaluate the implementation of micro credit of P4K and 2) To analyze the performance of P4K. The descriptive method with survey technique was used in this study. The data collected was primary and secondary data, where the primary data was collected from farmer/fisherman who got the micro credit of P4K, while the secondary data was collected from institution involved in this P4K program including the report, data and other supporting information. Survey was conducted by interviewing 63 fishermen who got the credit P4K as respondent and this was carried out randomly from 3 sub-districts in West Lombok Regency. The results of this investigation show that (1). The management mechanism of P4K in West Lombok regency is good due to supporting role of the institution, government, employers and farmers, (2) The role of Extension worker (PPL) as KPK supervisor was very important, particularly on construction, delivering and getting back the P4K credit, (3) Farmer got credit for several reasons such as, Credit in cash, low interest, easy and simple in procedures and good in services. (4) Most of respondent work in uncertain/ retail traders ( bakulan and keliling ), and the members mostly come from mix between man and women, (5) Returning process of P4K credit is going well that can bee seen from the level of payment up to 87.97% and the level of back debts arrears was relatively low , about 10.96%. However, in terms of credit payment, quantitatively there were many groups of small-scale fisherman did not pay the credit yet, namely 87.74 groups neglected their debt compulsories. (6) The average of debt that was able to collect per collector was 2.64% from 4% of average credit delivered by every collector, (7) Credit efficiency ratio is 0.1 that means very efficient, (8) The location of P4K was distributed into 12 sub districts with 50% reach from the total villages available.

Kata Kunci : kredit, petani nelayan kecil, kinerja P4K, Credit, Small-scale farmers, Performance of P4K