Proses pengelolaan bantuan dalam kelompok usaha bersama :: Studi tentang KUBE di Desa Bleberan, Kecamatan Playen, Kabupaten Gunungkidul

SENO, Dra. Agnes Sunartiningsih, MS

2006 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi (Kebijakan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial)

Pembangunan yang telah berlangsung selama ini masih banyak menyisakan masalah kemiskinan. Sebagian besar masyarakat miskin tinggal di daerah pedesaan. Upaya pengentasan kemiskinan terus dilakukan. Salah satunya adalah melalui pengelolaan kelompok usaha bersama (KUBE) di daerah pedesaan, termasuk di Desa Bleberan, Kecamatan Playen, Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Diharapkan setiap KUBE dapat mengelola berbagai bentuk bantuan atau stimulan dari pemerintah dalam rangka keluar dari masalah kemiskinan. Permasalahannya adalah bagaimana proses pengelolaan bantuan melalui KUBE di Desa Bleberan Kecamatan Playen Kabupaten Gunungkidul? Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Data didapatkan melalui teknik observasi, studi dokumentasi dan wawancara dengan informan baik dari anggota, ketua, pendamping KUBE, dan aparat Desa Bleberan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUBE menerima berbagai macam bantuan. Di antaranya bantuan berupa santunan hidup dan bantuan modal usaha, dan ternak sapi. Dalam rangka pengelolaan berbagai macam bantuan tersebut, KUBE melakukan pengelolaan kemitraan yang terjalin antara KUBE dengan lembaga-lembaga lainnya, seperti lembaga keuangan mikro berupa koperasi simpan pinjam, perbankan, perguruan tinggi dan kalangan swasta. Pengelolaan tidak berjalan optimal karena kemitraan tersebut berangkat bukan dari hubungan yang simetris atau sejajar antara KUBE dan mitra-mitranya. Selain itu, kemandirian KUBE dalam pengelolaan berbagai bantuan serta pengelolaan usaha yang mereka jalani menjadi beban tersendiri bagi anggota-anggota KUBE. Hal ini terjadi karena KUBE sejak lahirnya menempatkan para anggota sebagai objek pembangunan. Pelaksanaan pengelolaan berbagai bantuan dalam KUBE diwarnai dengan bentuk-bentuk konflik yang bersifat latent atau tidak tampak karena masih kuatnya budaya gotong royong dan nilai keharmonisan di masyarakat Jawa. Konflik muncul karena keterbatasan para anggota dalam membagi waktu antara bekerja mencari nafkah dan menjalankan tugasnya dalam mengelola ternak sapi. Ada beberapa factor yang menghambat keberhasilan KUBE di Desa Bleberan. Pertama, belum terbiasanya anggota KUBE menerapkan manajemen dengan baik sehingga muncul konflik-konflik. Kedua, budaya menunggu arahan dari petugas pendamping KUBE dalam mengambil keputusan. Ketiga, adanya tekanan harga-harga kebutuhan sehari-hari sehingga peningkatan pendapatan anggota KUBE dirasakan para anggota kurang banyak membantu peningkatan kesejahteraannya. Kesimpulannya, pengelolaan bantuan dalam KUBE meliputi pengelolaan bantuan ternak, bantuan modal usaha, dan bantuan santunan hidup. Pengelolaan KUBE juga mencakup pengelolaan kemitraan dengan lembaga keuangan mikro, bank, pengusaha dan perguruan tinggi. Namun hubungan kemitraan tersebut tidak berjalan seimbang. Terdapat konflik-konflik yang bersifat latent di dalam KUBE. Hasil penelitian memberikan rekomendasi berikut: bantuan yang diberikan melalui KUBE sebaiknya menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan dan keterampilan anggota-anggotanya, pengelolaan bantuan KUBE sebaiknya berorientasi pada pemberdayaan disamping peningkatan pendapatan.

To date implemented development is found with numerous problem of poverty. Most poor populations live in rural area. Efforts of poverty eradication have been continuously carried out yet. One of them is through KUBE (Kelompok Usaha Bersama= Collective Business Group) management program in rural area including in Bleberan village, Playen sub-district, Gunung Kidul regency. It is expected that individual KUBE is capable to manage various forms of financial supports and stimulants that government provides to escape from poverty problems. The problem is how the management support process through KUBE in Bleberan village, Playen sub-district, Gunung Kidul regency is implemented? The present research was conducted based on qualitative-descriptive approach. Data were collected through observation technique, documentation studies, interviews with informants involving KUBE members, chief, assisting officers and government officials of Bleberan village. Results indicated that KUBE obtained various supports. Among others were living cost support and working capital and cattle stocks. To manage various supports, KUBE established managerial partnership with other institutions such as micro financial institutions, i.e. saving-lending cooperatives, banks, universities and private sectors. The management was not optimally run since such partnership establishment was not based on symmetrical or parallel relationship between KUBE and its partners. In addition, KUBE independence in managing various supports and business management turned out to be particular burden for KUBE members. This was attributed to since its establishment KUBE had positioned its members as objects of development. The implemented management of various support for KUBE were colored with various latent and invisible conflicts due to strong gotong royong (community self-help) culture and harmony values among Javanese. Conflicts emerged due to limited capability of time management among members, i.e. time allocated to work and take care of cattle stock. Some factors inhibiting successful KUBEs in Bleberan village. First, KUBE members had not been familiar with good management; hence, it created conflicts. Second, passive culture of awaiting KUBE assisting officers’ supervision in decision making. Third, the higher pressure of daily need prices has made income of KUBE members considered as less improving their wealth. It was concluded that support management of KUBE involved animal stocks, working capital, and living cost supports. KUBE management also consisted of partnership management with micro financial institutions, banks, businessperson, and universities. However, the partnership did not run in parallel fashion. Latent conflicts were found within KUBE. Results provided following recommendations: it is better that supports through KUBE are provided in alignment with the needs and skills of members; in addition to improve income, KUBE support management should be empowerment-oriented.

Kata Kunci : Kemiskinan,Pengelolaan Bantuan,KUBE,KUBE, support management, conflicts and obstacles