Perkembangan kesempatan kerja di Pulau Jawa dan Bali :: Analisis data SAKERNAS Tahun 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, dan 2004

BAYUARDI, Galuh, Prof.Drs. Kasto, MA

2006 | Tesis | S2 Kependudukan

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji perbedaan perkembangan partisipasi angkatan kerja, pengangguran, dan kesempatan kerja dari tahun 1993-2004 dari segi demografis dan keruangan. Penelitian menggunakan metode analisis data sekunder, terutama data SAKERNAS pulau Jawa dan Bali; tahun 1993;1996;1999; 2003; dan 2004. Data dikumpulkan dari BPS dalam bentuk terbitan. Pengolahan data menggunakan Microsoft Excel Program Under Windows XP. Analisis data menggunakan tabulasi frekuensi dan tabulasi silang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa dampak krisis ekonomi pada pertumbuhan ekonomi di Jawa-Bali bervariasi. Selama periode krisis PDRB menurun (-3,34%/th) lebih besar dari pada di tingkat nasional (-2,90%/th). Meskipun setelah krisis pertumbuhannya meningkat (3,73%/th), tetapi lebih rendah dari pada di tingkat nasional (3,96%/th). Secara sektoral, krisis ekonomi meningkatkan pertumbuhan sektor jasa, sedangkan pada sektor lainnya menurun, akibatnya pertumbuhan produktifitas kerja menurun –5,66 persen/tahun. Akibat krisis TPAK terus menurun, meskipun antar propinsi bervariasi. TPAK laki-laki lebih tinggi dibandingkan TPAK perempuan, namun pertumbuhannya lebih rendah (4,19%/th) dari pada pertumbuhan TPAK perempuan (5,31%/th). Krisis ekonomi berakibat pada pengangguran meningkat. Total pengangguran di Pulau Jawa-Bali lebih dari 60 persen dari total pengangguran di Indonesia. APT di Pulau Jawa-Bali selama tahun 1993-2004 meningkat dari 3,09 hingga 9,12. Karakteristik pengangguran menunjukkan, bahwa secara keruangan propinsi yang memiliki TPAK relatif tinggi, besarnya APT rendah. APT dan pola perubahannya antar propinsi dan antar periode bervariasi. Jumlah APT tertinggi setiap periode di Propinsi DKI Jakarta (5,58 hingga 14,70) , dan yang terendah adalah Propinsi Bali (1,32 hingga 4,66). APT perempuan lebih tinggi daripada APT laki-laki. Jumlah pekerja di Pulau Jawa dan Bali tahun 2003–2004 meningkat, namun secara relatif menurun (62,14% menjadi 61,81%). Kesempatan kerja secara umum bervariasi secara keruangan, dicirikan oleh jumlah pekerja laki-laki secara absolut lebih besar dari pada jumlah pekerja perempuan. Sektor jasa menyediakan kesempatan kerja terbesar di sebagian besar propinsi di Pulau Jawa-Bali, meskipun namun pertumbuhannya semakin menurun. Sektor manufaktur belum sepenuhnya mampu menyediakan kesempatan kerja, tetapi cenderung menyerap angkatan kerja makin meningkat. Sektor pertanian tidak lagi menyediakan kesempatan kerja terbesar, tetapi berperan besar dalam penyerapan pekerja, dengan pertumbuhan secara umum meningkat. Hubungan antara pertumbuhan PDRB dengan pertumbuhan aspek ketenagakerjaan cenderung negatip. Pada saat pertumbuhan PDRB meningkat, pertumbuhan baik partisipasi angkatan kerja, kesempatan kerja menurun, namun pertumbuhan pengangguran meningkat.

This research aims to examine the changing labor force participation rate, unemployment, and employment, since 1993 up to 2004 according to the several demographic and spatial factors. This study employs so-called secondary data analysis method, using National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) data especially in Java-Bali islands. The survey was carried out in 1993; 1996; 1999; 2003; and 2004. The data were published in Statistics Central Bureau. Data tabulation employs Microsoft Excel Program Under Windows XP. Data analysis employs frequency and cross tabulations. The study reveals that the economic crisis has affected the variation of economic growth in Java-Bali islands. Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) has decreased (-3.34 % per annum) as long as the economic crisis period, bigger than decreasing of Gross National Product (–2.90% per annum). In spite of that after the economic crisis period the GRDP growth has risen (3.73 % per annum), however it’s lower than the GNP rising (3.96% per annum). By sector, the economic crisis has risen of the service sector growth, however it has been decreased the labor productivity growth about –5.66 percent per annum. The impact of economic crisis to labour force participation rate is increase though various inter provinces. The male labour force participation rate is higher than the female, but the male labour force participation growth is lower (4.19 % per annum) than the female(5.31% per annum). The economic crisis has risen of the unemployment number in Jawa-Bali Islands is more than 60 percent of total Indonesian unemployment. Unemployment rate in Jawa-Bali islands since 1993 up to 2004 has increased 3.09 to 9.12. This research shows that characteristic province in high labour force participation rate, the unemployment rate is low. The unemployment rate and it’s change pattern is various inter province and inter period, the highest unemployment number in every period is Capital Special Region of Jakarta Province (5.58 to 14.7), while the lower is Bali Province (1.32 to 4.66). Growth of female unemployment rate is higher than male unemployment rate. Total relative number of labor force of Java-Bali islands in 2003–2004 has decreased 62.28 percent to 61.10 percent of the total Indonesian labor. Spatially employment is characterized by the absolute number of male labor force is bigger than female labor force. Service is widest employment supply in the economic sectors in the most of parts province in Java-Bali islands, though the changing is continouesly decrease. The manufacture sectors has not fully capable to employment supply, however the sectors tend rising in absorbing of labor force. Though the agricultural sector has not highest to employment supply, however has an important roll absorbing of labor force, and this sector growth is continouesly rising. The relations between economic growths with the several aspect of manpower tend to negative. When the economic growth is raising the growth of force participation rate and labor force are lowering, while unemployment growth is rising.

Kata Kunci : Penduduk,Angkatan Kerja,Kesempatan Kerja, Labour force change, unemployed change, and employment change