Asupan gizi dan status gizi sebagai faktor resiko hipertensi esensial pada lansia di Puskesmas Curup dan Perumnas Kabupaten Rejang Lebong Propinsi Bengkulu

RIYADI, Agung, Prof.dr. Paulus Wijono, Sp.PD

2006 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat (Gizi dan Kesehatan)

Latar Belakang : Hipertensi umumnya terjadi pada seseorang yang sudah berusia lebih dari 40 tahun. Prevalensi hipertensi cenderung meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah lansia. Perubahan Status gizi dan asupan gizi yang kurang baik seperti tinggi lemak, natrium dan rendah zat mikro ( kalium, kalsium, magnesium ) berpengaruh terhadap timbulnya hipertensi, tetapi kemunduran biologis yang menyertai proses penuaan seringkali menjadi hambatan bagi lansia untuk memperoleh asupan gizi yang berkualitas. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh asupan gizi dan status gizi terhadap kejadian penyakit hipertensi esensial pada lansia di Puskesmas Curup dan Puskesmas Perumnas Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Metodologi : Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Case Control Study, dengan perbandingan kasus dan kontrol 1 : 1 yang dilakukan matching terhadap umur dan jenis kelamin. Jumlah subyek penelitian 150 orang yang diambil dengan metode simpel random sampling. Kasus hipertensi ditentukan oleh dokter berdasarkan tiga kali pengukuran dalam posisi tidur dengan tekanan darah ≥ 140 / 90 mmHg. Status gizi ditentukan berdasarkan Indeks Massa Tubuh ( IMT) menggunakan rumus berat badan ( Kg ) dibagi kuadrat tinggi badan dalam meter. Asupan gizi dikumpulkan dengan wawancara menggunakan Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ ) untuk 3 bulan terakhir dengan menggunakan alat bantu Food model. Analisis Bivariat menggunakan χ2 McNemar dan multivariat menggunakan Conditional regresi logistik. Hasil : Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat variabel yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap hipertensi esensial yaitu asupan natrium ( OR:3,43, CI 95%:1,09-10,77), asupan kalium (OR:0,24, CI 95%:0,07-0,84), stres ( OR:3,79, CI 95%:1,18-12,12) dan obesitas (OR:4,57, CI 95%:1,49-13,95) sedangkan asupan lemak, asupan kalsium, asupan magnesium, konsumsi kopi, status merokok dan riwayat keluarga terhadap hipertensi esensial tidak bermakna secara statistik (p > 0,05 ). Kesimpulan : Asupan natrium, stres dan status gizi obesitas merupakan faktor risiko kejadian hipertensi esensial, sedangkan asupan kalium merupakan faktor protektif hipertensi esensial pada lansia di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong.

Background : Hypertension were happened generally at someone which have age more than 40 year. The prevalence of hypertension were tend to increase along with the increasing of amount of the elderly. Changing of nutrition status and unfavourable nutrition intakes like is high fat, natrium and low micronutrients ( potassium, calcium, magnesium ) have an effect to incidence of essential hypertension. Retreating of biologis accompanying aging process sometimes make the elderly become resistance to get quality of intakes nutrition. Objective : The study conducted to know relations between nutrition intakes and nutrition status with occurrence on essential hypertension of the elderly in the health center Curup and Perumnas, Rejang Lebong District. Methods : The study was observasional analytic with case control matched study. Subject of the study was divided into two group i.e. case and control with comparison case and control 1 : 1 which matched to age and sex. Total subject were 150, taken by simple random method. The case were essential hypertension patients who had recently diagnosed by doctors. Blood pressure measurements were taking three times in supine position. Hypertension defined as average of three times supine systolic/diastolic blood pressures at ≥ 140 / 90 mmHg. Nutrition status were determined by Body Mass Index (BMI). Intake nutrients were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in the last 3 months by using food model. x2 McNemar were used to bivariate analytic and condition logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with essential hypertension. Result : This study showed that there were 4 variables significantly related with essensial hypertension, i.e. intakes of sodium ( OR:3,43, CI 95%:1,09- 10,77), potassium ( OR:0,24, CI 95 %:0,07-0,84), stress (OR:3,79 CI 95%:1,18-12,12), and obesity (OR:4,57 CI 95%:1,49-13,95). The nonsignificant correlation ( P>0,05) identified for intakes of fat, calsium, magnesium, coffee consumption, smoking status and family history of essensial hypertension. Conclusion : Hight intake of sodium, stress and obesity were the risk factors on occurrence of essential hypertension. In the other hand, hight intake of potassium were reduce the risk on occurrence of essential hypertension (protective factor ) in the health center Curup and Perumnas, Rejang Lebong District

Kata Kunci : Asupan Gizi,Hipertensi Esensial,Lansia