Uji toksisitas minyak atsiri kayu manis (Cinnamomun burmanii BL) serai wangi (Andropugon nardus L) dan jeruk purut (Citrus hysterix D.C.) terhadap jentik Aedes aegypti

DOKE, Soni, Prof.Dr. Damar Tri Boewono, M.Sc

2006 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Kerja

Pembangunan kesehatan merupakan bagian integral dari pembangunan nasional, yang bertujuan untuk mencapai kemampuan hidup sehat bagi semua pendududuk Indonesia. Salah satunya adalah pengendalian vektor penyakit seperti nyamuk malaria dan nyamuk demam berdarah. Penggunaan insektisida sintetis selain berdampak positif juga berdampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia. Insektisida hayati yang berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan merupakan bahan insektisida yang baik untuk dikembangkan karena mempunyai potensi sebagai pengendali vektor karena relatif aman, mudah terdgradasi, tidak mudah mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan daya bunuh insektisida minyak atsiri, menetapkan hubungan antara konsentrasi dan waktu pendedahan, membandingkan efek residu insektisida dan membandingkan efektivitas minyak atsiri C. burmanii BL, A. nardus L dan C. hystrrix D.C berdasarkan waktu kontak terhadap kematian jentik Ae. aegypti. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen murni dengan rancangan penelitian Post Test Only With Control Group Design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah jentik Aedes aegypti yang dokolonisasikan di laboratorium BPVRP Salatiga. Sampel penelitian yaitu jentik Ae. aegypti instar III. Sampel tiap perlakuan sebanyak 15 ekor jentik dengan enam tingkat konsentrasi dan empat ulangan. Bahan uji penelitian ini adalah minyak atsiri kulit batang C. burmanii BL, batang dan daun A. nardus L dan kulit buah C. hystrrix D.C. Minyak atsiri diperoleh dengan cara penyulingan uap dan air, dilakukan di laboratorium Pusat Penelitian Obat Tradsional Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. Hasil Analisis Probit menunjukkan nilai konsentrasi letal (LC95) untuk minyak atsiri C. burmanii BL, A. nardus L dan C. hystrrix D.C berturut-turut adalah : 0,007% v/v, 0,028% v/v, dan 0,053% v/v. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ada daya bunuh masing-masing minyak atsiri ketiga jenis tumbuhan terhadap kematian jentik Ae. aegypti. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan ada hubungan yang kuat antara konsentrasi terhadap kematian jentik Ae. aegypti (p < 0,05), dan antara waktu pendedahan terhadap kematian jentik Ae. aegypti menunjukkan hubungan yang lamah(p>0,05). Uji regresi menunjukkan adanya pengaruh positif pada konsentrasi dan waktu pendedahan terhadap kematian jentik Ae. aegypti. Varians menunjukkan p = 0,00, maka ada perbedaan efek residu insektisida minyak atsiri tumbuhan terhadap kematian jentik Ae. aegypti. Efek residu paling lama yaitu minyak atsiri C. burmanii BL dengan umur residu 72 jam.

Health development is an integral part of national development which is aimed at achieving healthy life capability for all Indonesian population. One of efforts is by controlling disease vectors such as malaria and dengue fever mosquitos. The use of synthetic insecticide can cause both positive and negative impact to human health. Natural insecticide made from plants is a good insecticide to be developed because it has a potential to control vector and is relatively safe, degradable, and does not pollute the environment. The objective in this study is to determine the efficacy of volatil oil insecticide, to identify the relationship between concentration and exposure period, and to identify the residual effect of insecticide. Effectivenes of C. burmanii BL, A. nardus L and C. hystrrix D.C volatil oil based on contact period against Aedes aegypti larvae mortality. Design which was used in this study is true experiment method using post test only with control group design. Population of the study was Ae. aegypti larvae colonized at the laboratory of Vector and Reservoir Control Research Unit, Salatiga. The sample was Ae. aegypti larvae 3rd instars. Samples of each treatment was 15 larvae with six levels of concentration and four replicates for each treatment. The test materials of the study were C. burmanii BL, A. nardus L and C. hystrrix D.C. Volatil oil obtained from water and steam distillation of vapour C. burmanii BL, leaf and bar A. nardus L and also fruit husk C. hystrrix D.C conducted at the laboratory of Traditional Medicine Research Center of Gadjah Mada University. The result of probit analysis showed that lethal concentration value (LC95) of C. burmanii BL, A. nardus L and C. hystrrix D.C volatil oil subsequently were: 0.007% v/v, 0.028% v/v, and 0.053% v/v. This results showed that there was killing efficacy of volatil oil of the three plants against Ae. aegypti larvae mortality. The result of correlation test showed that there was strong relationship between concentration and Ae. aegypti larvae mortality (p<0.05), The study was revealed that weak relationship between exposure period and Ae. aegypti larvae mortality (p>0.05). Regression test showed that there was positive effect of concentration and exposure period against Ae. aegypti larvae. Analysis of Variance revealed that significant is different (p=0,00) of the efficacy among three different volatile oil were tested, against Ae. Aegypti larvae mortalitiy. The longest residual effect was C. burmanii BL volatil oil with residual effect was 72 hours.

Kata Kunci : Kesehatan Lingkungan,Insektisida Sintetis,Minyak Atsiri