Pengaruh penggunaan alat pelindung diri dan aturan proteksi radiasi terhadap jumlah leukosit, hitung jenis leukosit, jumlah sel T CD4 di Instalasi Radiologi RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta

KARTIKASARI, Yeti, dr. Suwono

2006 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Dasar dan Biomedis

Pekerja Radiasi selalu berhubungan dengan radiasi yang berisiko terhadap kesehatan pekerja selama menjalankan tugasnya. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan upaya mengurangi resiko dengan sistem pembatasan dosis menggunakan alat Proteksi Radiasi atau Alat Pelindung diri. Instalasi Radiologi RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta sebagai salah satu rumah sakit terbesar di Yogyakarta memiliki alat proteksi radiasi yang cukup lengkap seperti apron, film badge untuk memonitor dosis pekerja radiasi, bangunan yang telah memenuhi persyaratan dan telah melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan bagi pekerja radiasi minimal setahun sekali. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jumlah leukosit, hitung jenis leukosit, jumlah sel T CD4 pekerja radiasi dalam kaitannya dengan kepatuhan petugas menggunakan alat pelindung diri di Instalasi Radiologi RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Observasional analitik dengan pengambilan data secara cross sectional. Data penelitian diperoleh dengan melakukan pemeriksaan jumlah leukosit, hitung jenis leukosit, jumlah Sel T CD4 serta wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Subyek penelitian adalah pekerja radiasi di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta sedangkan kelompok pembanding adalah pekerja administrasi di Fakultas Kedokteran UGM Yogyakarta. Sampel penelitian diambil secara quota dibagi dalam tiga kelompok, kelompok pertama pekerja radiasi di Radiodiagnostik sebanyak 9 orang, kelompok kedua pekerja radiasi di Radioterapi sebanyak 12 orang dan kelompok ketiga pekerja non radiasi sebanyak 10 orang. Untuk menganalisa data digunakan uji Anova satu jalur sedangkan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara lama kontak dengan jumlah leukosit, hitung jenis leukosit, jumlah sel T CD4 digunakan uji korelasi sederhana (Bivariate Correlation). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan jumlah leukosit antara pekerja radiasi di Radiodiagnostik, Radioterapi dan pekerja Non Radiasi dengan p = 0,345 > 0,05. Tidak ada perbedaan hitung jenis leukosit antara pekerja radiasi di Radiodiagnostik, Radioterapi dan pekerja Non Radiasi yaitu neutrofil, limfosit, monosit, eosinofil, dan basofil dengan p = 0,426; 0,500; 0,467; 0,419; 0,292 > 0,05. Tidak ada perbedaan jumlah sel T CD4 antara pekerja di Radiodiagnostik, Radioterapi dan Non Radiasi pada p = 0,252 > 0,05, yang berarti pula tidak ada perbedaan imunitas antara pekerja radiasi di Radiodiagnsotik, Radioterapi dan Non Radiasi. Ada hubungan antara lama kontak dengan hitung jenis limfosit, monosit dan Sel T CD4 dengan p = 0,034 ; 0,027; 0,019 < 0,05. Walaupun hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan pada jumlah leukosit, hitung jenis leukosit , jumlah Sel T CD4 tetapi perlu diingat bahwa sekecil apapun dosis radiasi yang diterima tubuh memiliki potensi memunculkan efek stokastik yang dapat berdampak negatif terhadap kesehatannya karena itulah hendaknya pekerja radiasi perlu selalu mengingat pentingnya keselamatan radiasi dengan menjalankan prosedur kerja yang benar dan selalu memperhatikan faktor proteksi terhadap radiasi dengan selalu mempergunakan alat pelindung diri terhadap radiasi.

Radiation Workers must be aware of their radiation environtment. The risk of radiation are high in any circumstances. Therefore, it is extremely important to have efforts to reduce risks of radiation for instance by using radiation protection devices. Department of Radiology Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta, which is the biggest hospital in Yogyakarta, has many radiation protection devices such as lead apron as individual protective shielding from external radiation, film badge as dose monitoring devices for workers. The building is also specifically designed to fulfill contructions standard and the workers are routinely checked-up. The purpose of this research is to find out the worker’s total leukocytes count, differentiation of leukocytes count, and CD4 T cells count with respect to the workers responsibility of using radiation protection devices in department of radiology. This research is an observational analytic research with cross-sectional data collection. The sources of data were derived from performing test of leukocytes, differentiation of leukocytes, and CD4 T cells value and interviewing with questionnaire. The subject of research were radiation workers in Department of Radiology Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta whereas administration workers in Medical Faculty of Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta were positioned as control group. By using quota method, sample is devided into 3 groups. Group 1 were workers in radiodignostic department, group 2 were workers in radiotherapy department, and group 3 were non-radiation workers. The number of sample for each group is 9, 12 and 10 respectively. Data were statistically analyzed by using anova test. In the other hand, bivariate correlation test was used to evaluate total leukocytes count, differentiation of leukocytes count, and CD4 T cells count. Result showed that there is no difference in the total leukocytes count among workers in radiodiagnostic and radiotherapy and also non-radiation workers (p=0.345>0.05). No difference in differential leukocytes count (neutrophil, limphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil) among three groups (p=0.426; 0.500; 0.467; 0.419; 0.292 >0.05 respectively) were also found in the result. Also, there is no difference in CD4 T cells count among three groups (p=0.252 > 0.05), so possibly, no difference in immunity among three groups. Result also showed that there is a correlation between contact duration and quantity of limphocyte, monocyte and CD4 T cells with p=0.034; 0.027; 0.019 <0,05. Eventhough no differences in Total leukocytes count, differentiation of leukocytes count, and CD4 T cells count were in result, however, it should be remembered that small quantity of radiation dose can produce stochastic effect, which can result in negative effect for health. Therefore, radiation workers must remember the importance of occupational and work safety for example by performing standardized working, awaring of radiation protection factor and using radiation protection devices.

Kata Kunci : Leukosit,Pekerja Radiasi