Penegakan hak-hak sipil di Amerika tahun 1957-1968 :: Studi pemikiran Martin Luther King, Jr dan Malcolm X

MIHARSO, Valentinus, Promotor Prof.Dr. Sunyoto Usman

2006 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Budaya (Pengkajian Amerika)

gods and goddesses, the ancient spirits and the beliefs of Panca Mahabhuta. Epistemology aspect shows that the culture development is in accordance to the culture strategy that is on the mystical, ontology and functional level. Axiology aspect shows that the relevance of Pura Besakih with the Hindu doctrine had formed good and right values i.e. the religious value of god's concept admitting that God is one and worshipped from everywhere as the core of Tattwa doctrine. Epistemology and ethic value are closely related to the ceremonies done with good and right process according to the Hindus doctrine. The religious aesthetic value in identifying the physical aspect of Pura Besakih arranged in such way of beautiful and structured architecture following the rules of Hindu doctrine which reflecting various symbols of social-religious culture. Aesthetic value can be found not only from the vast building of Pura Besakih with its iconic ornaments, but can also be found in the way of ceremonies like the Bebanten art carried out during worship known as yajnya and other sacred and profound dances during the ceremonies. Pura Besakih indeed has the relationship between tradition and culture based upon Hindus values as a unity of socio-culture system inside Balinese community that is socio-religious in nature. pada pidato dan statement politik tersebut dalam mengarahkan dan memberi isi kepada perjuangan yang tengah dilakukan oleh kelompok sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menelaah persamaan dan perbedaan antara pidato dan statement politik Martin Luther King, Jr dan Malcolm X yaitu dalam usaha meningkatkan kekuatan budaya melalui Codes, Context dan Institution Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Pengkajian Amerika. Pendekatan yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah interdisipliner. Pendekatan ini mengacu pada teori Synthesis of Knowledge, perpaduan ilmu pengetahuan yang menyatakan bahwa untuk memahami permasalahan sosial dapat didekati melalui berbagai bidang ilmu. Penelitian ini membahas penegakan hak-hak sipil di Amerika Serikat. Fokus penelitian ini mengkaji penegakan hak-hak sipil periode 1957-1968 yang merupakan periode pergolakan dalam sejarah Amerika. Implementasi studi ini merupakan studi intensif penegakkan hak-hak sipil Amerika periode 1957-1968 secara integral dan komprehensif melalui ilmu-ilmu sosial. Metode pengumpulan data yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kepustakaan. Data-data yang sudah dipersiapkan dikelompokkan sesuai dengan subyek yang dipermasalahkan dan kemudian dilakukan analisis dan interprestasi. Hasil penemuan studi adalah didapatkan beberapa variabel kunci terhadap persamaan dan perbedaan antara pidato dan statemen politik King dan Malcolm terhadap sejarah pergerakan sosial dalam penegakan hak-hak sipil di Amerika Serikat ditinjau dari Codes, Context dan Institution. Berikut persamaan dan perbedaan tersebut: 1) Codes King and Malcolm dalam pidato politik mereka ditinjau dari Codes, sama-sama menekankan kekuatan bahasa pada nilai-nilai persamaan, perbedaan, keadilan dan keagamaan. King dan Malcolm sama-sama memiliki pandangan bahwa orang-orang dari kedua ras berbeda bila bekerja sama dan memahami pentingnya persaudaraan akan menghasilkan kesamaan pandang, yaitu penghargaan terhadap hakhak sipil seseorang. Perbedaan codes mereka terletak pada cara mengidentifikasikan makna perjuangan, pernyataan politik melalui kekuatan bahasa. 2) Context King dan Malcom sama-sama menekankan pandangan context mereka melalui akulturasi dan migrasi dalam mempengaruhi perilaku budaya masyarakat yang terpelihara melalui tatanan sosial, seperti dalam nilai-nilai budaya liberalisme, misalnya kebebasan, inisiatif, memiliki modal, percaya diri, bekerja keras dalam meraih kesuksesan. Perbedaan context mereka masing-masing adalah sikap mereka terhadap warga kulit putih dalam perjuangan penegakan hak-hak sipil. Malcolm bersifat keras, benci dan marah, sedangkan King lembut dan persuasif, hal ini dipengaruhi lingkungan tempat mereka tinggal. Institution King dan Malcolm sama-sama menekankan pandangan perjuangan mereka melalui institusi keagamaan. King menganut agama Kristen dan Malcolm beragama Islam. Setiap agama baik Kristen maupun Islam tidak membedakan ciri-ciri fisik manusia. Mereka memobilisasi dan mengorganisasi perjuangan warga kulit hitam melalui organisasi keagamaan. Perbedaan dalam tinjauan Institution dapat diketahui dari strategi perjuangan mereka. Martin Luther King, Jr. menggunakan teori non-violence dan Malcolm menggunakan teori violence yaitu tindakan balas untuk mempertahankan martabat kemanusiaan warga kulit hitam.

Within a society problem of civil rights are related to thoughts and behaviors of social groups to treat each other fairly. Insight into problems of civil right are determined by factors pertaining to their needs and the environment where they live. Social group hand down to their younger generations their understandings, attitudes, actions, ways of thinking about their environment through education in the family and society. Then they establish a new personality structure as their characteristics that brings about insights into civil right. The development of a cultural behavior towards the enforcement of civil right in a social groups is determined by the conditions of human resources and natural resources where its member live. Since their arrival in the new world, Americans have had with them insights into civil right implemented in their life behaviors in facing natural challenges in the new world. Their cultural behaviors have brought about a new life order that is characteristic of Americans’ personality called the American Culture. It is understandable that in togetherness in life human beings need insights into civil rights and fair actions towards each other. These actions will effect sustainability of interpersonal life or life socio-cultural groups. Each individual has an intellectual potential to enforce civil rights as a means to maintain the environmental equilibria, namely peace and happiness in society. In the context of environmental equilibrium, human beings need a means to attain it, that is a constitution that they agree upon. A constitution is a rule of life for different groups in order that they can formulate an enforcement of civil right in a sustainable way. Although each individual has equal human rights, he or she does not have an equal capability of attaining an equal opportunity. The difference in attaining an opportunity without insights into humanity values may result in an environmental disequilibria. This study investigates problems of civil rights movement created by the white people on the minority group of black people in America, in The period of 1957-1968. Discrimination and pressure from the white people in the south toward the black people causes the movement of social change namely The Civil Right Movement lead by the two outstanding black leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. In the struggle, King and Malcolm often state their political statement and speech related to Civil Right Movement. In this context it is relevant to learn the strength of their language on political speech and statement aimed at fulfilling the civil right struggle which is presented by the social group. This study in purposed to comprehend the similarities and differences between King and Malcolm’s idea in their political statement, concerning with their effort to increase the cultural strength through Codes, Context and Institution. This research is done within to scope of American study. The approach employed in this study is interdisciplinary in nature. The approach refers to the theory of Synthesis of knowledge, a combination of knowledge stating that a social problem can be approached from a variety of scientific disciplines. This research is based on library research the topic of which is civil rights movement in the United States. The focus of investigation covers the period between 1957-1968, the turbulent years in American history of civil rights enforcement. The implementation of this study is an intensive study on the enforcement of American civil right in the periode of 1957-1968 in the integrated and comprehensive way through social sciences. The data in this study were collected through the literature method. The collected data were classified on the basis of the subjects under study and then they were analyzed and interpreted. The research findings several variables keys of some similarities and differences in the terms of codes, context and institution between King and Malcolm essence of political statement to ward the social movement in civil right enforcement. The similarities and the differences which involve: 1) Codes King and Malcolm’s in their political speech focus codes in the values of equality, justice, freedom and religion. Both King and Malcolm show their ideas that people from different races if they cooperate each other and comprehend the significance of brotherhood will create some opinion of the appreciation of civil rights. The differences between the two lies on the way they express their political statement through verbal communication. 2) Context Both King and Malcolm, through their political statement focus their context through acculturation and migration in influencing the cultural behavior of social group. They direct this context through social order such as the values of liberalism namely freedom, initiative to collect capital self confidence, working hard and pursuit of successfulness. The differences of the context are shown in their attitude to ward white people in struggling the civil right movement. Malcolm stresses on hate, anger and self-respect, while King shows passive resistance, such as peace, love and friendship. Malcolm and King’s attitude toward white people is influenced by their environment. 3) Institution King and Malcolm determine firmly their way of struggling civil rights through religious institution. King is Christian and Malcolm is Islam. They, each mobilize and organize the black civil rights through religious organization such as the Southern Christian leadership Conference (King) and Nation of Islam (Malcolm). Both the two doctrine Christian and Islam never differenciate the physical characteristic of races. The difference in terms of context can be seen from their strategy. King applies non-violent theory, on the other hand Malcolm uses violent theory.

Kata Kunci : Hak,hak Sipil,Masyarakat Kulit Hitam Amerika Serikat,Martin Luther King Jr dan Malcolm X