Analisis insentif ekonomi, keunggulan komparatif, dan keunggulan kompetitif usaha ternak sapi potong di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul

SUNANDAR, Nandang, Promotor Prof.Dr.Ir. Sri Widodo, M.Sc

2005 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Pertanian (Ekonomi Pertanian)

Usahaternak sapi potong, sebagai usaha yang menghasilkan daging, memiliki prospek pengembangan yang cukup cerah karena meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan kesadaran gizi masyarakat, ketersediaan tenaga kerja keluarga, pengalaman, pakan dan adanya dukungan perbaikan manajemen, teknologi, dan infrastruktur. Kelangsungan produksi usahaternak sapi potong domestik saat ini menghadapi masalah kebijakan impor daging dari pemerintah, persaingan alokasi sumberdaya yang terbatas, dan masalah pencemaran terhadap lingkungan. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian guna mengetahui (1) insentif ekonomi yang diterima usahaternak sapi potong domestik, (2) keunggulan komparatif usahaternak sapi potong domestik, (3) keunggulan kompetitif usahaternak sapi potong domestik, (4) pengaruh keunggulan kompetitif terhadap produksi usahaternak sapi potong domestik, dan (5) pengaruh penilaian ekonomi lingkungan terhadap keunggulan komparatif usahaternak sapi potong domestik. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Karang Mojo dan Semanu Kabupaten Gunung Kidul dari Januari 2004 sampai April 2004. Kecamatan Karang Mojo dipilih sebagai wakil agroekosistem yang memiliki daya dukung hijauan baik, sementara Semanu memiliki daya dukung hijauan terbatas. Survey dilakukan terhadap 300 sampel yang terdiri dari 240 orang peternak dan 60 orang non peternak sapi potong, masing-masing 120 orang dan 30 orang di Karang Mojo dan Semanu. Peternak dikelompokan berdasarkan manajemen dan sistem produksi, yaitu pembibitan sapi lokal, pembibitan sapi silangan, penggemukan sapi lokal, dan penggemukan sapi silangan. Masing-masing kelompok diwakili oleh 30 orang di Karang Mojo dan Semanu. Dilakukan analisis TPE, DRC, PCR, dan regresi linear ganda untuk mengetahui pengaruh keunggulan komparatif terhadap produksi. Analisis nilai ekonomi lingkungan dilakukan dengan pendekatan Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usahaternak sapi potong adalah kegiatan ekonomi yang memberikan pendapatan, namun secara finansial dan ekonomi bukan usaha yang menguntungkan. Usahaternak sapi potong domestik menerima insentif ekonomi. Dumping dan subsidi ekspor dari negara pengekspor sapi potong menyebabkan usahaternak sapi potong domestik comparative disadvantage dan competitive dis-advantage. Keunggulan kompetitif berpengaruh positif terhadap produksi. Biaya lingkungan berpengaruh negatif terhadap comparative advantage usahaternak sapi potong, sehingga tercipta kondisi yang makin comparative dis-advantage.

The beef cattle farming, that produce meat, has quite bright prospect, due to the increase of population and nutrient awareness of community, the availability of family labour, experience, feeding, and the support by improvement of management, technology and infrastructure. Nowadays, the production continuity of domestic beef cattle farming face the problem on import policy on meat and beef cattle, using competition of scarce resource allocation, and pollution problem to the enviroment. The research has been conducted to identify (1) the economic incentive, (2) the comparative advantage, (3) the competitive advantage, (4) the influence of competitive advantage toward production, and (5) influence of the enviromental cost toward comparative advantage of domestic beef cattle farming. The research was conducted in sub district of Karang Mojo and Semanu, Gunung Kidul Regency from January to April 2004. Sub district of Karang Mojo was selected as agroecosystem agent that possessed good supporting forage, whereas Semanu has limited supporting forage. Survey was taken to 300 beef cattle sample farmers consisted of 240 beef cattle farmers and 60 non-beef cattle farmers, 120 beef cattle farmers and 30 non-beef cattle farmers in each sub district. The beef cattle farmers was categorized by local cattle breeding, crossbreed cattle breeding, local cattle fattening, and crossbreed cattle fattening. Each group represented by 30 beef cattle farmers in each sub district. TPE, DRC, PCR, multiple linear regressions and economic value analysis to be used in this research. The economic value analysis was taken by Contingent Valuation Methods (CVM). The result suggested that beef cattle farming were given farming income economic activity but financially and socially or economically did not profitability. The domestic beef cattle farming receive economic incentive. Dumping and export subsidy cause the domestic beef cattle farming to be comparative disadvantage and competitive disadvantage. The competitive advantage has positive influence toward production. The enviromental cost has negative influence toward comparative advantage of the beef cattle farming, that created more comparative disadvantage condition.

Kata Kunci : Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong, Insentif Ekonomi, Keunggulan Komparatif, Beef Cattle Farming, Economic Incentive, Comparative Advantage, Competitive Advantage.