Insentif ekonomi dan daya saing usahatani sapi perah penghasil bahan baku Industri Pengolahan Susu (IPS) di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

NURTINI, Sudi, Promotor Prof.Dr.Ir. Sri Widodo, M.Sc

2005 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Pertanian (Ekonomi Pertanian)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui insentif ekonomi yang diterima peternak sapi perah dan menganalisis daya saing baik dari kriteria keunggulan kompetitif maupun keunggulan komparatif pada usahatani sapi perah penghasil bahan baku IPS serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat daya saing usahatani sapi perah di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Cangkringan, Pakem, Tempel dan Turi, Kabupaten Sleman, DIY. Seratus enam puluh peternak sapi perah terbagi menjadi empat strata, yaitu strata 1: pemilikan 1 – 3 UT dengan proporsi sapi laktasi < 70%; strata 2: pemilikan 1 – 3 UT dengan proporsi sapi laktasi ≥ 70% ; strata 3 : pemilikan > 3 UT dengan proporsi sapi laktasi < 70%; strata 4 : pemilikan > 3 UT dengan proporsi sapi laktasi ≥ 70%.Data dianalisis dengan metode Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) dan analisis sensitivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peternak pada semua strata tidak mendapatkan insentif ekonomi pada industri persusuan domestic (EPC < 1 dan SRP < 0). Hanya strata 4 yang memiliki daya saing baik dari kriteria keunggulan kompetitif maupun keunggulan komparatif (PCR < 1 dan DRCR < 1). Hasil analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa hanya strata 4 yang dapat bertahan dan mampu diwujudkan dengan adanya perubahan - perubahan produktivitas >2.423, 09 liter/UT atau >2.884,81 liter/induk laktasi, tariff impor < - 5,03 %, kenaikan harga susu segar > Rp 1.232,86/liter di tingkat peternak dan Rp1.561,05/liter di tingkat koperasi , tingkat suku bunga < 35%/tahun, harga konsentrat < Rp 1.183,05/kg, biaya hijauan < Rp 4.419,64 UT/jam, biaya tenaga kerja < Rp 5.524,06/UT/jam, nilai tukar (OER) > Rp 5.531,37 dan SER > Rp 6.285,24, harga susu impor > Rp 1.021,42/liter dan harga batas susu impor Rp 1.072,49 per liter. Disimpulkan bahwa usahatani sapi perah penghasil bahan baku IPS di DIY pada semua strata belum menerima perlindungan atau insentif ekonomi dari pemerintah terutama dari sisi outputnya. Usahatani sapi perah akan memiliki daya saing baik dari kriteria keunggulan kompetitif maupun keunggulan komparatif apabila dengan pemilikan >3 UT atau rata 5, 23 UT dan proporsi sapi laktasi ≥ 70%. Analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa usahatani sapi perah dengan pemilikan >3UT atau rata – rata 5,23 UT dan proporsi sapi laktasi ≥ 70% akan mampu bertahan dan dapat diwujudkan apabila terjadi perubahan – perubahan produktivitas, harga privat output input, nilai tukar rupiah dan harga bahan baku susu impor. Agar peternak sapi perah mendapatkan perlindungan maka berdasarkan penelitian ini diusulkan tingkat tariff bahan baku susu impor dinaikkan menjadi >34 % dan harga susu segar di tingkat peternak diatas Rp 1.914,81 per liter.

The objectives of this study are to evaluate economic incentive received by dairy cow farmers and to analyze the advantage of competitive and comparative on dairy cow farming producing raw material for milk processing industry (MPI) and to analyze factors influencing the degree of competitiveness of dairy cow farming in Yogyakarta (DIY). The study was conducted at Cangkringan, Pakem, Tempel and Turi area in Sleman, DIY. A hundred and sixty dairy cow farmers were selected as respondents by stratified random and divided into four strata: stratum 1 (1-3 AU ownership with < 70% lactation cow); stratum 2 (1 - 3 AU ownership with ≥ 70% lactation cow); stratum 3 (> 3 AU ownership with < 70% lactation cow) and stratum 4 (> 3 AU ownership with ≥ 70% lactation cow). Data were analyzed by Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and sensitivity analysis. The result of this study indicated that dairy cow farmers in all strata have not received economic incentive yet at domestic dairying industry (EPC < 1 and SRP < 0). Only stratum 4 has advantage both competitive and comparative (PCR <1 and DRCR <1). The result of sensitivity analysis showed that only stratum 4 was able to resist and exist with the existence of economic situation changes such as productivity change of > 2,423.09 liter/AU or > 2,884.81 liter/lactation cow, import tariff of < -5.03%, increasing of fresh milk price > Rp 1,232.86/liter (farm gate price) or > Rp 1,561.05/liter (milk cooperative gate price) , interest rate of < 35 % per annum, concentrate price of < Rp 1,183.05/kg, forages cost of < Rp 4,419.64/AU/hour, labor cost of < Rp 5,524.06/AU/hour, exchange rate (OER) of > Rp 5,531.37 , SER of > Rp 6,285.24, imported milk price of > Rp 1,021.24 per liter and milk border price of > Rp 1,072.50 per liter. Dairy cow farming in DIY producing raw material for IPS in all strata has not yet received protection or economic incentive from government especially from the output side. Dairy cow farming in DIY as a producer raw material for IPS which is has competitive advantage and comparative advantage is stratum 4 (the ownership of cow is > 3 AU or 5.23 AU in average and proportion of lactation cow of ≥ 70%). The result of sensitivity analysis showed that dairy cow farming in DIY in stratum 4 was potential and sustainable to be developed, although there were changes in productivity, output and input private price, rupiah exchange rate and the price of raw material of imported milk. In order that the dairy cow farmers get protection, it is proposed that the tariff level on raw material of imported milk to be raised to became >34 % and fresh milk price on farm gate is above Rp 1,914.81 per liter.

Kata Kunci : Usahatani Sapi Perah, Industri Pengolahan Susu, Insentif Ekonomi