Strategi bertahan hidup nelayan terhadap perubahan kondisi daerah penangkapan ikan di Selat Madura

PURWONO, Gatot Sugeng, Promotor Prof.Dr.Ir. Kamiso Handoyo Nitimulyo, M.Sc

2005 | Disertasi | S3 Kependudukan

Perikanan di perairan Selat Madura menghadapi persoalan yang sangat kompleks, sehingga berdampak pada kehidupan nelayan dan stabilitas produksi ikan dalam jangka panjang. Melalui penelitian ini ingin diketahui, (1) tingkat penangkapan ikan di perairan Selat Madura, (2) kapasitas sumberdaya perikanan Selat Madura dalam memberikan jaminan kelangsungan hidup ekonomi rumah tangga nelayan, (3) strategi nelayan menghadapi over fishing di Selat Madura dalam mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup ekonomi rumah tangga, dan (4) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan nelayan dalam menetapkan strategi menghadapi perikanan di perairan Selat Madura yang kondisinya kritis. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survey pada lima daerah yang ditetapkan secara purposive sebagai sampel, yaitu Situbondo, Pasuruan, Surabaya, Sampang, dan Sumenep. Unit analisis adalah individu dan rumah tangga, yaitu 380 nelayan dan rumah tangganya yang ditetapkan secara snow ball di lima daerah sampel. Data pokok dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner, dan melalui observasi, interview, serta diskusi grup terfokus dikumpulkan data penunjang. Analisis dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, yaitu (1) model produksi surplus Schaefer untuk menentukan tingkat penangkapan ikan, (2) proporsi untuk mengetahui kontribusi pendapatan hasil tangkapan ikan terhadap jaminan kelangsungan hidup ekonomi rumah tangga nelayan, (3) persentase untuk mengetahui strategi dominan nelayan menghadapi over fishing di Selat Madura, dan (4) regresi berganda untuk menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan nelayan dalam menetapkan strategi tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa over fishing di Selat Madura terjadi sejak tahun 1996. Hasil tangkapan ikan rata-rata hanya dapat menutup 60,9 persen dari total pengeluaran rumah tangga nelayan per bulan. Strategi nelayan merespon kondisi tersebut bervariasi. Menerima kenyataan tanpa upaya kongkrit merupakan strategi konservatif. Strategi lain adalah melakukan diversifikasi usaha ke sektor lain, dan melakukan mobilitas menangkap ikan ke daerah lain. Sebagian besar (89,3%) tetap menangkap ikan sebagai satu-satunya penopang kehidupan ekonomi rumah tangga, dan 94,9 persen diantaranya tetap menangkap ikan di Selat Madura. Faktor umur, pekerjaan sampingan, pinjaman uang pada juragan/pengamba’, beban ketergantungan, dan banyaknya anggota rumah tangga yang secara ekonomi ikut aktif bekerja, berpengaruh nyata terhadap dorongan nelayan untuk melakukan mobilitas penangkapan ikan ke daerah lain yang masih under fishing.

The habitate of fish and its resources along the straits of Madura has been decreased and being degraded by over-fishing and uncontrolled exploitation of fish-products. A continuous number of fishermen and their modern fishing-equipment also threaten fish-stock in this area. It damages fishermen’s economic activities. The main problems are: over-fishing, fishermen’s responses, and their survival. Thus, the question: Can the fish-resources along the straits of Madura support fishermen’s house-hold living?. How do they respond the condition that ensure their own living economically?, and what kinds of factors that make them maintain their fishing activities in the crisis straits?. The answers of the above questions will be the goal of the research. A surplus product method by Schaefer (1954) is used to identity a potential status of the fish-resources in the straits of Madura, including five purposeful residencies: Situbondo, Pasuruan, Surabaya, Sampang, and Sumenep, using a snow-ball sampling decision, involving 380 house-hold fishermen as respondens; to know the level of benefits from the fishresources area which ensure fishermen’s living by comparing their, outcome per-month; and their own responses descriptively. By using a multiple regression analysis among 380 house-hold fishermen, factors of fishermen’s motivation to mobile or migrate, can be determinated and the reasons why the fishermen maintain the crisis straits will be identified, too. The conelusion of the research shows that the straits of Madura as a fishing products area has been over-fishing since 1996. The average house-hold income of fishermen only cover 60,9% of the total outcome of their house-hold living every month. These impacts seem to be happened to fishermen and pandhiga of the western straits, eg: Sampang, Pasuruan, and Surabaya. The conclusion of the research shows that the starits of Madura as a fishing-product has been over-fishing since 1996. The average house-hold income of fishermen only cover 60.9 percent of the total outcome of their house-hold living every mont. These impacts seem to be happened to fishermen and pandhiga of the western straits, e.g. Sampang, Pasuruan, and Surabaya. The fishermen responses vary to their own condition. Some of them (89.3%) accept and respond it conservatively without having another concrete effort, and the others (10.7%) also have diversification to other working sectors. Meanwhile, 94.9 percent of those who are conservative, still fish out and maintain the crisis straits; 5.1 percent migrate to under-fishing area. There are many factors that influence the fishermen’s motivation to mobile, e.g. age, other works and jobs, loan from juragan/pengamba’, dependency burden, and workable members of the family.

Kata Kunci : Nelayan,Strategi Bertahan Hidup,Over Fishing