Pengaruh stimulasi elemen tempo dan timbre dalam Gamelan Jawa terhadap respon emosi musikal

DJOHAN, Promotor Prof. Johana Endang Prawitasari, Ph.D

2005 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Psikologi

Respon emosi musikal adalah reaksi emosi yang terjadi akibat mendengarkan musik, sebagi ekspresi pengalaman terdalam aspek emosi, kognisi, dan sosial seseorang. Respon emosi musikal timbul bila nilai estetis musik diperoleh baik dari mendengar musik dalam keseharian atau melalui pertunjukan musik secara khusus. Sejumlah penelitian menyebutkan bahwa elemen tempo dan timbre adalah elemen terpenting di dalam musik. Namun demikian kebanyakan penelitian berdasarkan musik barat dan belum banyak dalam kerangka musik Indonesia khususnya topik mengenai respon emosi musikal baik yang menyenangkan maupun tidak menyenangkan. Demikian pula belum pernah diteliti dengan menggunakan musik dan alat musik tradisi Indonesa. Karenanya, penelitian dasar ini dirancang dengan pendekatan eksperimental yang melibatkan orang Jawa dengan alat musik gamelan Jawa dan dilakukan di Yogyakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh gambaran yang lebih baik bagaimana pengaruh stimulasi elemen tempo dan timbre dalam gamelan Jawa terhadap respon emosi pendengarnya. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 16 orang musisi (pengrawit) dan 16 orang non-musisi (pandhemen). Mereka diminta untuk mendengarkan gendhing Jawa Ladrang Agun-Agun yang dimainkan dalam 4 versi secara berturut-turut. Satu gendhing diperdengarkan dalam tempo asli dan tiga gendhing berikutnya dalam tempo dan timbre yang dimodifikasi. Setiap pengrawit dan pandhemen akan mendengarkan gendhing dalam tempo asli dan tempo modifikasi dengan gamelan perunggu serta gendhing dalam tempo asli dan tempo modifikasi menggunakan gamelan besi. Suasana hati, respon emosi musikal, ekspresi wajah sebagai aspek psikologis akan diuukur melalui skala pada setiap perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh stimulasi elemen tempo asli perunggu dan tempo asli besi serta tempo modifikasi perunggu dan tempo modifikasi besi terhadap respon emosi musikal pendengarnya teruji signifikan. Pengrawit menunjukkan kepekaan yang signifikan terhadap elemen tempo dan timbre modifikasi. Terlihat pula perbedaan pengaruh antara stimulasi elemen tempo asli dan modifikasi baik perunggu maupun besi terhadap respon emosi musikal pendengar. Juga respon emosi musikal yang distimulasi melalui elemen tempo dalam gamelan Jawa lebih mempengaruhi persepsi, pengalaman, dan aspek sosial budaya pendengar dari pada faktor fisika bunyi semata. Keseluruhan eksperimen ini melengkapi penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap musik barat bahwa elemen tempo lebih penting dari pada elemen timbre. Hal tersebut terbukti bahwa respon emosi musikal pendengar musik gamelan Jawa lebih dipengaruhi oleh elemen tempo dibandingkan dengan elemen timbre.

Intense personal experience that provide insight into the nature of life that involved emotion, cognitive, and social component happens when people listen to music. Those musical emotion responses are expressed when the aesthetical value of music comes toward either through everyday music listening , or through intended performances. A number of research findings regarding music and emotion verified that tempo and timbre are the most important element in music. However, most of the study were based on Western music, while less has been done on the Indonesian music framework, especially on musical emotional responses, either pleasant or unpleasant , as well as the using of traditional Indonesian music and instrument. Therefore, this basic experimental research was proposed to examined Javanese subjects, using the Javanese gamelan musical instrument, and was conducted in Yogyakarta. The purpose of the experiment was to obtain a better picture on how tempo and elemen timbre stimulation of the Javanese gamelan music influence the musical emotional responses of its listener. There were 16 Javanese musicians called pengrawit and 16 nonmusicians called pandhemen who are participating in this experiment.They were asked to listen to a Javanese music repertoire (gendhing) named Ladrang Agun-Agun which were played 4 times continuously. Each of them was played through a difference tempo based, using difference timbre (iron and bronze), so that each listener will listen to unmodified and modified repertoire using the iron gamelan and there after unmodified and modified repertoire using the bronze one.The mood, musical emotional responses, and facial emotional expression were among those psychological aspects that were measured upon each treatment. The study found that effects of unmodified and modified tempo and timbre element towards the musical emotional responses of the musicians differs from those of non-musician, since musicians are significantly more sensitive towards the tempo and timbre differences. There are definitely differences provided by effects of modifided and unmodified tempo and timbre element stimulation towards the emotional musical responses of the listeners, as well as showing that tempo is the most important element and potentially stimulate emotional responses. This study also claims that musical emotional responses which are stimulated by the timbre element of the Javanese gamelan instrument is more effected by the listener perception, experience, and sociocultural aspects, than only by Physics factors. This entire experiment adjoin previous studies on Western music that tempo is a more important musical element than timbre. It was shown by evidence that musical emotional responses of the Javanese gamelan listener are significantly more effected by the tempo element compared to the timbre element.

Kata Kunci : Emosi Musikal,Respon,Gamelan Jawa,Tempo dan Timbre