Analisis tarif angkutan perdesaan di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul

RIYANTO, Gunawan Agus, Ir. Dewanti, MS

2005 | Tesis | Magister Sistem dan Teknik Transportasi

Penyediaan infrastruktur perdesaan termasuk prasarana jalan harus diimbangi dengan penyediaan sarana angkutan yang mampu meningkatkan aksesibilitas dan mobilitas sampai pelosok-pelosok desa dengan biaya yang terjangkau oleh masyarakat. Selama ini kebijakan pemerintah dalam penyelenggaraan angkutan penumpang umum termasuk dalam mekanisme penetapan tarif dan formula perhitungan biaya pokok angkutan lebih ditujukan untuk wilayah perkotaan, sedangkan untuk perdesaan sangat jarang dikaji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran tarif angkutan berdasarkan perhitungan biaya operasi kendaraan (BOK) dan mengetahui kemampuan dan kemauan membayar pengguna angkutan perdesaan di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survai lapangan untuk mendapatkan komponen biaya operasi kendaraan dan wawancara kepada operator dan pengguna angkutan perdesaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam perhitungan BOK sebagai dasar penetapan tarif adalah metode yang dikembangkan oleh Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL Laboratory Report 723). Metode ini memperkirakan besarnya biaya operasi kendaraan dengan memperhitungkan faktor kecepatan kendaraan, kondisi permukaan jalan dan geometrik alinemen jalan. Teknik survai wawancara stated preference digunakan untuk mengkaji ability to pay (ATP) dan willingness to pay (WTP) pengguna angkutan perdesaan. Survai wawancara ditekankan pada persepsi pengguna terhadap suatu skenario kenaikan tarif angkutan perdesaan yang ditawarkan. Analisis dilakukan terhadap biaya operasi kendaraan, ability to pay dan willingness to pay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan perhitungan BOK dengan metode TRRL diperoleh nilai tarif angkutan perdesaan sebesar Rp. 169,00/km. Berdasarkan analisis ATP dan WTP diperoleh rata-rata ATP penumpang umum sebesar Rp. 114,81/pnp-km dan rata-rata ATP pelajar/mahasiswa sebesar Rp. 79,10/pnp-km, sedangkan rata-rata WTP penumpang umum sebesar Rp. 186,57/pnpkm dan WTP pelajar/ mahasiswa sebesar Rp.91,17/pnp-km. Rata-rata tarif saat ini sebesar Rp. 190,78/pnp-km untuk penumpang umum dan Rp. 120,69/pnp-km untuk pelajar/mahasiswa. Hal ini berarti tarif saat ini yang dibayarkan oleh penumpang masih lebih tinggi dari tarif berdasarkan perhitungan BOK, ATP dan WTP pengguna angkutan perdesaan. Mempertimbangkan aspek daya beli (ability to pay) dan kemauan membayar (willingness to pay) pengguna serta keuntungan yang wajar bagi operator maka tarif angkutan perdesaan penumpang per kilometer yang direkomendasikan adalah Rp. 162,00/pnp-km untuk penumpang umum dan Rp. 81,00/pnp-km untuk pelajar/mahasiswa

Supplying rural infrastructure is inclusive road instrument have to be balance with supplying of transportation instrument that capable to improve the accessibility and mobility until countryside corners with the reached expense by society. During the time, government policy in management of public transportation included in mechanism of stipulating tariff and the calculation of transportation prime cost formula relied heavily on the urban region, while for rural region is very rare studied. This research has two purposes, the first is to find out the tariff which is based on the vehicle operating costs (VOC) and the second is to find out the ability to pay and willingness to pay of rural transport in Gunung Kidul Regency. This research employed the field survey method to observe the operational cost component of vehicles and interview with operators and rural transport passengers. The vehicle operating calculation used the model developed by Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL Laboratory Report 723). This method calculates vehicle speeds factor, surface pavement condition and alignment geometric of roads. Interview with stated preference technique is used to analysis ability to pay (ATP) and willingness to pay (WTP) of rural transport passenger. Interview has taken into consideration perception of passenger which increasing tariff scenario. Analysis was done toward the vehicle operating costs, the ability to pay and the willingness to pay. The result of this research shows that according to rural transport tariff analysis that counted based on the running cost of vehicles with TRRL Method obtained a tariff value as much as 169.00 rupiahs/passenger-km. According to ATP and WTP analysis, obtained ATP average of public passenger as much as 114.81 rupiahs/ passenger-km and ATP average of student as much as 79.10 rupiahs/ passenger-km, WTP average of public passenger as much as 186.57 rupiahs/ passenger-km and WTP average of student as much as 91.17 rupiahs/passenger-km. Tariff existing as much as 190.78 rupiahs/passenger-km for public passenger and 120.69 rupiahs/passenger-km for student are still higher than tariff according to running cost of vehicles (vehicle operating costs), ATP and WTP of rural transport passenger. Considering the consumer ability to pay aspect and the willingness to pay and also the fair advantage for the operator, hence passenger tariff kilometer is recommended as much as 162.00 rupiahs/passenger-km for public passenger and 81.00 rupiahs/passenger-km for student.

Kata Kunci : tarif, angkutan perdesaan, BOK, willingness to pay, ability to pay, tariff, rural transport, vehicle operating costs