The Role of oil companies toward community development to local people

LASNAWATIN, Farida, Ir. Sudaryono, M.Eng.,Ph.D

2005 | Tesis | Magister Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Perusahan yang bergerak dalam ekploitasi sumber daya alam seperti pertambangan, dan minyak dan gas bumi seringkali mendapatkan tantangan dari masyarakat lokal karena dampak lingkungan dan sosial yang ditimbulkannya. Jaminan kelancaran operasional perusahan sekarang ini dilakukan dengan melakukan strategi mendekat ke masyarakat. Hal ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mendapatkan lisensi untuk beroperasi dan lisensi untuk berkembang. Strategi ini pada awalnya hanya berupa charity dan praktek philanthropy, namun sejalan dengan perkembangan zaman, strategi ini menjadi suatu tanggung jawab yang harus dilakukan perusahaan terhadap masyarakat lokal. Perusahaan wajib meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat lokal agar mereka dapat terus berkembang walaupun sumberdaya alam yang menjadi alasan utama keberadaan perusahaan telah habis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat sejauh mana peran perusahan minyak dan gas bumi dalam mengimplementasikan program community development yang diukur dengan melihat peran mereka dalam enam dimensi dasar community development yaitu dimensi pembangunan sosial, ekonomi, lingkungan, politik, budaya dan spiritual/individual. Selain itu juga dianalisa sejauh mana prinsip-prinsip dalam mengimplementasikan keenam dimensi ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari empat perusahaan objek penelitian, masing-masing perusahaan memiliki titik berat tersendiri dalam setiap dimensi community development. Namun dari keenam dimensi dasar community development, dimensi sosial dan ekonomi terlihat memiliki porsi terbesar dalam pengalokasian dana. Selanjutnya, prinsip integrasi sebagai syarat mutlak community development nampaknya terabaikan. Ini ditunjukkan dengan tidak ditemukannya program yang mengarah pada pembangunan politik, dan ditunjang pula dengan rendahnya proporsi program pada dimensi pembangunan kebudayaan dan spiritual. Penelitian ini juga memperlihatkan bahwa umumnya program-program yang dilakukan masih berupa program yang bersifat tangible sedangkan program pemberdayaan masyarakat masih sangat sedikit. Selain itu, prinsip sustainability dan keterlibatan masyarakat dalam program community development ditemukan masih rendah. Berdasarkan temuan pada penelitian ini, maka direkomendasikan agar perusahaan minyak dan gas bumi lebih memberikan porsi pada program-program community development yang bersifat memberdayakan dan memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip pengembangan community development.

At the oil fields where the oil companies operate, many problems can arise. There are four big issues which always emerge in the oil industry, land-ownership rights, environment (air pollution, water pollution and sound pollution), job opportunities, and human rights. The existence of companies often triggers disputes, conflict, claims and rejection from the communities surrounding the oil fields. These conditions are overcome by using the strategy of getting closer to the community. This strategy is known as community development but in practice it seems like a conflict squelcher. Community development should be the responsibility of the company and should be used to reduce risk and enhance reputation. A community development program should consider six dimensions; social, economic, political, environment, cultural and personal/spiritual development. Based on these six dimensions, it is shown that each company has its own strategy in distributing/selecting their program. Each company emphasized a different dimension. Though all companies implemented programs which were useful for the community and could be felt by community directly, the aspect which was not implemented by the companies was political development. For environmental development, it was shown that the program for environment was not aimed directly at community development. This was indicated through the small portion of the program for environment. From the program that was implemented, it was indicated that the main point of implementation of the community development program was the material aspect. This was because this part of the program could be seen obviously. This was also supported by local government. Empowerment and community building program was a very small portion of the program. It can therefore be concluded that the sustainability of the program is low. The community development program also used rules stipulated by the government. These rules placed the government as the decision maker, so decision were not made by the community. The limitation of this research is on the determination of whether the implementation of community development programs is a form of corporate social responsibility or a cosmetic community development. Seeing the ratio of the implementation of community development programs of four companies, it was recommended that programs are implemented which empower the community. Program such as these will not only improve the community’s capabilities in defining/determining their needs. It will also guarantee the sustainability of the community development program, so that the phenomenon of a ‘dead town’ after the natural resources dry up will not be faced by the local people. Finally, program such as these are needed to improve the perceptions of local people of the oil company, so that they will not become a beggar and apathetic community.

Kata Kunci : Community development, Corporate social responsibility, Oil and gas