Desa dalam kerangka otonomi :: Studi pelaksanaan otonomi desa di desa Sidorejo Kecamatan/Kabupaten Purworejo

WIDIYANTO, Agus, Prof.Dr. Warsito Utomo

2006 | Tesis | Magister Administrasi Publik

UU No.22/1999 dan UU No.32/2004 pada prinsipnya menekankan adanya nuansa Politis dan Demokratis di desa, hal tersebut ditandai dengan munculnya peran legislative desa baik dalam UU No.22/1999 maupun di dalam UU No.32/2004. Meskipun ada perubahan yang terjadi setelah munculnya UU No.32/2004 dimana nama dan substansi kewenangan BAPERDES/legislative desa berubah bukan lagi sebagai Badan Perwakilan Desa namun sebagai Badan Permusyawaratan Desa yang ternyata kewenangan pengawasan direduksi, sehingga kewenangannya hanya tinggal menetapkan peraturan desa bersama kepala desa, menampung dan menyalurkan aspirasi masyarakat. Berbeda dengan UU No.22/1999 ternyata di dalam UU No. 32/2004 juga mempunyai nuansa Birokratis yang berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan tugas umum pemerintahan yang menjadi wewenang Camat diantaranya membina penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa dan pelaksanaan pelayanan kepada masyarakat yang menjadi ruang lingkup tugasnya dan belum dapat dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintahan Desa. Belum lagi tentang pengisian Sekretaris Desa yang diisi oleh Pegawai Negeri Sipil, kesemuanya itu sangat bertolak belakang dengan arti yang sesungguhnya tentang Otonomi Desa yang berdasarkan asal-usul dan adat istiadat setempat untuk mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan masyarakat setempat. Sehingga wajar apabila Pemerintahan Desa dan masyarakat mengalami kebingungan terhadap pelaksanaan Otonomi Desa yang dianggap dilematis. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis secara mendalam tentang pelaksanaan otonomi desa di Desa Sidorejo Kecamatan Purworejo Kabupaten Purworejo dan faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan otonomi desa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus, jenis pendekatan ini dilakukan secara rinci mengenai suatu objek tertentu secara mendalam dan mendetail kondisi yang ada pada desa tersebut. Sedangkan analisisnya menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif untuk menggambarkan fenomena tertentu secara terperinci. Sehingga mampu menjadikan informasi yang lebih luas, mendetail dan mendalam dari fenomena yang muncul yang berhubungan dengan variabel yang diteliti. Analisis ini juga untuk menemukan hubungan antara faktor-faktor satu dengan yang lain secara cermat terhadap fenomena sosial tertentu dan mengkaji temuan dari kasus yang terjadi dilokasi penelitian melalui data primer yang diperoleh dari subyek penelitian ditambah data skunder. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis ditemukan bahwa Pelaksanaan Otonomi Desa di Desa Sidorejo Kecamatan Purworejo Kabupaten Purworejo secara umum dapat dikatakan kurang maksimal dengan melihat dari : (1), Pelaksanaan Pemerintahan Desa yang menjalankan fungsi Administrasi Desa dan fungsi Pelayanan Umum (yang bersifat administrasi seperti pelayanan surat menyurat). (2), Hasil yang dicapai dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan dan kemampuan melaksanakan pembangunan secara swadaya maupun stimulan dari Pemerintah Kabupaten. (3), Kemampuan Keuangan Desa yang berasal dari pemanfaatan potensi desa dan kemampuan pengelolaan anggaran yang berasal dari bantuan Pemerintah Kabupaten. Belum maksimalnya Pelaksanaan Otonomi Desa tersebut diperjelas lagi dari beberapa faktor yang belum berjalan dan belum maksimal dilaksanakan yang diukur dari: Pertama, Pelaksanaan Partisipasi Masyarakat Desa Sidorejo yang dilihat dari kehadiran warga dalam rapat desa dan musyawarah desa, Keterlibatan Organisasi Kemasyarakatan dalam berkomitmen dan kerjasama antar organisasi, Keterlibatan Masyarakat dalam memberikan tanggapan dan menuangkan ide/gagasan. Kedua, Peran Legislatif Desa (BPD) yang dilihat dari pemahaman tugas dan fungsi anggota BPD, upaya dan konsistensi BPD yang diwujudkan kedalam Peraturan Desa yang spesifik mengatur pengelolaan potensi desa, serta peran BPD dalam meningkatkan usaha desa. Ketiga, Kepemimpinan Desa yang dilihat dari kemampuan dan kreatifitas Kepala Desa dalam merancang perencanaan strategis pembangunan desa. Keempat, Kemampuan SDM Aparat Desa yang dilihat dari Profesionalisme Aparat Desa, latar belakang pendidikan aparat desa dan jumlah aparat yang pernah mengikuti pendidikan Tekhnis Fungsional, serta jumlah usia produktif aparat desa. Rekomendasi: Pertama, Pemerintah Kabupaten Purworejo perlu melakukan sosialisasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan tentang Pemerintah Desa baik UU No.32/2004 dan Perda yang mengacu pada UU No.32/2004 sehingga Kepala Desa dan staf aparat desa dapat mengetahui secara mendalam dalam melaksanakan Pemerintahan Desa. Kedua, Perlu adanya peningkatan keuangan desa dengan memanfaatkan berbagai potensi yang ada di desa sebagai sumber pembiayaan kegiatan dan pembangunan. Ketiga, Partisipasi masyarakat. Kepala Desa perlu mengakomodir dan memfasilitasi aspirasi masyarakat yang berkembang serta menciptakan semangat berpartisipasi kepada masyarakat dalam membangun desa. Keempat, Peran BPD Sebagai wakil di masyarakat perlu meningkatkan kinerja dalam memahami tugas dan tanggungjawabnya membawa aspirasi masyarakat untuk diperjuangkan demi kepentingan masyarakat secara umum. Kelima, Kepemimpinan Desa. Kepala Desa sebagai pemimpin di tingkat desa, hendaknya meningkatkan kemampuan memahami potensi dan kebutuhan masyarakat melalui pembuatan perencanaan strategis desa bersama-sama dengan segenap komponen desa. Keenam, Peningkatan kemampuan SDM bagi aparat desa melalui peningkatan keterampilan maupun mengikuti diklat-diklat teknis fungsional

Laws Number 22 of 1999 and Laws Number 32 of 2004 principally emphasize the both political and democratic nuances in this village. It marked by the presence of legislative role of village either in Laws Number 22 of 1999 or in the Laws Number 32 of 2004. Although there is any change that happened after the presence of Laws Number 32 of 2004 wherever and substance of authority BAPERDES/legislative village transform not as the Institution of Village Representative but as the Institution of Village Conference in fact the authority of control had been reduced. Thus their authority is only stated the village regulation together with the head of this village, in receiving and distributing the aspiration of society. It is different with the Laws number 22 of 1999. In fact, in Laws Number 32 of 2004 it appear the nuance of bureaucracy related with the execution of common task of government that become the authority of sub-district head that become the circle of his duty and had not been executed by the Village Regulation. Beside, also present about the selecting of village secretaries that be fulfilled by the civil state officers. It is very opposite with the true means about the Village Autonomous based on the origins and the local custom for regulating and managing the needs of local society. Thus, it is a usual things if Village Regulation and society feel very confuse to the execution of Village Autonomy that be considered dilemmatic. This research wills analyses deeply about the execution of village autonomy in Sidorejo Village, Purworejo Sub-district, Purworejo Regency and some factors that affect the execution of village autonomy. The method of this research that be used is case study. The type of approach is executed in detail about a certain object deeply and detailed condition that present in that village, whereas the analysis uses the qualitative descriptive analysis for describing the certain phenomena in detail. Thus it could make the information become broader, detail and deep from the emerged phenomena that related with the variable understudy. This analysis also founds the relation between a factor to the other factor precisely to the certain social phenomena and study about the result of cases that happened in the location of research through primary data that be get from the subject of study added with the secondary data. Based on the result of this research and analysis, it founds that the Execution of Village Autonomy in Sidorejo Village, Purworejo Sub-district, Purworejo Regency commonly could be said not maximal by considering from: (1), The execution of Village Regulation that regulate the function of Village Administration and function of Common Service (has administrative characteristic likes the service of correspondent). (2) Result that be gained in the execution of development and ability for executing the development as their own sources or stimulant from the Regent Government. (3) The financial ability in village that come from the outsourcing of village potentials and the ability of management the funds that come from the regency government help. The lack of maximal in the execution of Village Autonomy is be explained clearly from some factors that did not execute and lack of maximal that be measured from: First, the Execution of Social Participation in Sidorejo Village that seem from the presence of society in the village conference and village meetings, the participation of social organization in commit and cooperate with the other organization, the participation of society in giving responses and submitting their ideas/minds. Second, the role of Village Legislative (BPD) seems from the consideration of duty and function of members of BPD, the efforts and consistency of BPD that be realized into the Village Regulation that specifically ruler about the management of village potential, and also the role of BPD in increasing the village efforts. Third, Village Leadership seems from the capability and the creativity of Head of Village in designing some strategic planning of village development. Fourth, the capability of SPM, village apparatus seems from the Professionalism of Village Apparatus, and also the educational background of village apparatus and the amount of apparatus that had followed the education of Functional Technique, and also the amount of productive ages of village apparatus. Recommendation: First, The government of Purworejo Regency needs to execute realization of Laws Regulation about the Village Regulation both Laws Number 32 of 2004 and Regional Regulation that referenced to the Laws Number 32 of 2004 in order the Head of Village and staff of village apparatus could know deeply in execution the Village Regulation. Second, it necessary for increasing the financial in village by using some potentials that present in village as the source of activity of financing and development. Third, is the social participation. The head of village needs to accommodate and facilitate the aspiration of society that developed and also to create the spirit in participation to the society in village development. Fourth, the role of BPD as the delegation in the society need to increase their performance in understanding about their duty and responsibility for bringint up the social aspiration to be struggled for the social interest as communal. Fifth, the Village Leadership, behalf the head in this village. In order for increasing the ability for understanding the potentials and the necessities of society through stating strategic plans in village together with whole component of village. Sixth, increase the ability of human resource for village apparatus by increasing the skills or attending the educational and training in functional technique.

Kata Kunci : Otonomi Desa,Purworejo