Studi kelayakan dan desain turbin pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH) di Kabupaten Sanggau Propinsi Kalimantan Barat

JAIDIN, Ir. Tarmono, MT

2005 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Mesin (Mag. Sistem Teknik-Mikrohidro)

Energi listrik saat ini telah menjadi kebutuhan pokok dan memainkan peranan penting dalam kehidupan manusia, hanya saja ketersediannya di desadesa sangat terbatas. Rasio elektrifikasi desa di Kalimantan Barat baru mencapai 68,18 %. Salah satu alternatif penyediaan energi listrik untuk masyarakat desa adalah dengan memanfaatkan energi air dalam bentuk Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro. Agar pembangunan PLTMH dapat bermanfaat secara optimal beberapa faktor harus dipertimbangkan, antara lain kelayakan teknis, kelayakan sosial ekonomi dan kelayakan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan teknis dan ekonomi serta jenis turbin yang sesuai untuk pembangunan PLTMH Punti Tapau di Kabupaten Sanggau Propinsi Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan data lapangan. Data tersebut meliputi debit, head, kontur dan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Analisis teknik dilakukan sebagai dasar untuk mengetahui kelayakan ekonomi dan jenis turbin untuk PLTMH ini. Parameter yang digunakan dalam menentukan kelayakan ekonomi adalah Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) dan keuntungan bersih (net benefit). Parameter yang digunakan untuk menentukan jenis turbin adalah kecepatan spesifik serta berdasarkan debit aliran dan head. Hasil analisis teknis menunjukkan dengan debit 0,554 m3 /detik dan head bersih 15 m, potensi daya terbangkitkan sebesar 48,91266 kW, produksi listrik tahunan sebesar 309.910,6138 kWh. Hasil analisis ekonomi menunjukkan biaya investasi yang dibutuhkan sebesar Rp 674.379.191,00 jika proyek ini dibiayai dari pinjaman dengan bunga 13 % didapat nilai BCR = 1,115, IRR = 14,718 % dan net benefit = Rp 20.306.537,20 secara ekonomi layak. Jenis turbin yang sesuai untuk pembangkit ini adalah turbin aliran silang (cross flow) dengan diameter runner 503 mm, panjang 303 mm pada putaran 300 rpm dan efisiensi turbin 87,80 %.

Today electric energy has become primary needs and plays important role in human life, but its availability in villages is very limited. The electricity ratio of villages in West Kalimantan is only 68.18%. One of the alternatives for providing electric energy for village society is by using water energy in the form of Mycro hydro Electric Power Plant. In order that the development of this Mycro hydro Electric Power plant is optimally beneficial, some factors need to be considered, such as technical feasibility, social economic feasibility and environmental feasibility. This research aims to find out the technical and economical feasibility, also the appropriate kind of turbine for the development of Punti Tapau Micro hydro Electric Power Plant in Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan Province. This research was conducted based on the data found in the field. The data included the of flow, head, the contour and the social economic condition of the society. The technical analysis was done as the basis to find out the economic feasibility and the kind of turbine for this Micro hydro Electric Power Plant. The parameters used in determining the economic feasibility were Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Benefit. The parameters used to determine the kind of turbine were specific velocity and the rate of flow as well as head. The result of the technical analysis showed that by rate of flow 0.554 m3 /second and net head 15 m, the potential power generated was 48.91266 kW, the annual electric production was 309,910.6138 kWh. The result of the economic analysis showed that the cost of investment required was Rp 674,379,191,00 If this project was funded by loans with 13 % of interest rate then the value of BCR would be 1.115, IRR would be 14.718 % and net benefit would be Rp 20,309,537.20 and was economically feasible. The appropriate kind of turbine for this power plant was cross flow turbine with runner diameter of 503 mm, 303 mm in length at 300 rpm speed of rotation and the turbine efficiency was 87.80 %.

Kata Kunci : PLTMH,Studi Kelayakan dan Desain Turbin, river, the rate of flows and Head, cross flow turbine, economic analysis