Bahasa Makasai di Timor Leste :: Kajian geografi dialek

WAIN, Paulus Hurat Sina, Dr. Inyo Yos Fernandez

2006 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Bahasa Makasai (BM) di wilayah Negara Timor-Leste adalah bahasa non- Austronesia yang tergolong dalam Phylum Papua Barat. Walaupun telah banyak dijadikan objek penelitian linguistik oleh para linguist seperti, Maurer (2005), Hull (2005), Carr (2004), Sudiartha dkk (1998), Marques (1990), Guterres (1977), Stokhof (1975), Anon (1973), dari sejumlah penelitian terhadap BM belum terdapat penelitian yang mengkaji geografi dialek BM. Kajian geografi dialek ini dilaksanakan berdasarkan dimensi sinkronis. Melalui penelitian lapangan berhasil dikumpulkan data dari enam titik pengamatan yaitu enam desa di tiga kabupaten. Desa-desa yang dipilih meliputi Matahoi, Uma Uain Craic, Ossu de Cima, Tirilolo, Afasa, dan Ililai. Metode analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif digunakan untuk menetapkan berkas isoglos yang berguna untuk penentuan dialek dan subdialek . Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dialektometri persentasi yang dicapai berkisar antara 20,37 % - 43,51 %. Sesuai dengan hasil kategori Guiter, hasil tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa dalam daerah pakai BM selain memperlihatkan subdialek juga wicara. Dalam berkas isoglos terdapat pula batas pemisahan antardialek. Berkas isoglos kuantitatif perbedaan wicara terdapat di antara titik pengamatan 1 dan 2, 1 dan 3, 2 dan 3, 4 dan 5, 5 dan 6. Berkas isoglos perbedaan subdialek terdapat di antara titik pengamatan 1 dan 5, 1 dan 6, 3 dan 4, 3 dan 5, 4 dan 6. Berkas isoglos perbedaan dialek terdapat diantara titik pengamatan 1 sampai dengan 3, dan 4 sampai dengan 6. Berdasarkan hasil analisis kualitatif sesuai dengan kajian pada tataran fonologi dan leksikon diperoleh perbedaan dialek berdasarkan pemilahan dua dialek yang secara signifikan ditandai oleh perbedaan isoglos kualitatif antara daerah yang menggunakan konsonan / p / dan / f /. Hal ini diperlihatkan dalam peta bahasa BM. Patut dicatat pula bahwa BM merupakan bahasa vokalis, namun pada sejumlah titik pengamatan adakalanya ditemukan fonem / r / pada akhir kata sejumlah leksikon. Sejumlah variasi serupa itu ditemukan pada desa (1) dan (2) yang terletak di wilayah selatan pulau Timor.

Makasai language is a language spoken in certain areas of Timor-Leste. It is a non-Austronesian language which is classified into Western Papua Phylum. Though such linguists have conducted research on this language as, Maurer (2005), Hull (2005), Carr (2004), Sudiartha et. al. (1998), Marques (1990), Guterres (1977), Stokhof (1975), and Anon (1973), none of them has studied on dialect geography of Makasai language. This study uses a synchronic dimension. The data were collected from six observation points including six villages in three regencies. The six villages are Matahoi, Uma Uain Craic, Ossu de Cima, Tirilolo, Afasa, and Illilai. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are employed to state the isoglosses which are used to determine the dialects as well as sub-dialects. Based on the dialectometric calculation, the percentage ranges from 20,37% - 43,51%. According to the category made by Guiter, the result shows that in the areas where the language is used, speech is also used besides the sub-dialects. The boundaries of dialects are also shown in the isogloss. The quantitative isoglosses of the speech variations are shown between observation points 1 and 2, 1 and 3, 2 and 3, 4 and 5, and 5 and 6. Meanwhile, the isoglosses of the sub-dialect variations are shown in the observation points 1 and 5, 1 and 6, 3 and 4, 3 and 5, and 4 and 6, while the ones of the dialect variations can be found in the points 1 through 3 and 4 through 6. Based on the result of quantitative analysis, as a result of the study of phonology and lexicon, the variations of dialect are also found. It was done by differentiating between two dialects which are significantly marked by the difference of quantitative isoglosses among the areas using /p/ and /f/ consonants. This evidence is clearly shown in the map of Makasai language. It is necessary to know that Makasai is a vocalist language, though in some areas /r/ phoneme is found elsewhere in the final letter of some lexicons. Such variations are found in the villages 1 and 2 which are located in the southern part of Timor Island.

Kata Kunci : geografi dialek, dialektometri, isoglos, diasistem fonologi, dialect geography, dialectometry, isogloss, diasystem of phonology