Kalimat Inversi dalam Bahasa Jawa Ngoko

SUMADI, Prof.Dr. Soepomo Poedjo Soedarmo

2006 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Penelitian ini membahas kalimat inversi dalam bahasa Jawa tingkat tutur ngoko, yang masih lebih terfokus pada kalimat tunggal, dengan aspek kajian meliputi (1) ciri kalimat inversi, (2) struktur fungsi sintaktis kalimat inversi, (3) jenis kalimat inversi, (4) tipe kalimat inversi, dan (5) alasan yang melatarbelakangi pemakaian kalimat inversi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan melalui tahap penyediaan data, analisis data, dan penyajian hasil analisis data. Dalam penyediaan data digunakan metode simak yang diterapkan dengan teknik sadap dan teknik catat. Dalam analisis data digunakan metode agih dan metode padan. Metode agih diterapkan dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung dan teknik permutasi. Metode padan yang digunakan ialah metode padan pragmatis. Dalam penyajian hasil analisis data digunakan metode informal dan metode formal. Kalimat inversi dalam bahasa Jawa dapat dikenali melalui ciri sintaktis dan ciri intonasinya. Struktur fungsional kalimat inversi yang tidak berunsur K dapat dibedakan atas struktur (1) P-S, (2) P-O-S, (3) P-O-Pel-S, dan (4) P-Pel-S. Struktur fungsional kalimat inversi yang berunsur K dapat dibedakan atas struktur (1) P-S plus K, (2) P-O-S plus K, (3) P-O-Pel-S plus K, dan (4) P-Pel-S plus K. Karena K dapat menempati berbagai posisi sepanjang tidak menyisip di dalam PO- Pel atau P-Pel, semakin banyak suatu kalimat memiliki K, semakin banyak pula struktur varian yang dapat diciptakan melalui proses permutasi. Ciri intonasi dapat dibedakan atas pola intonasi (1) kalimat inversi deklaratif ([2] 3 2 // [2] 1 # ), (2) kalimat inversi interogatif ([2] 3 1 // [2] 2 # ), dan (3) kalimat inversi imperatif ([2] 3 // [2] 1 # ). P kalimat inversi dalam bahasa Jawa dapat diisi oleh kata atau frasa berkategori verba, nomina, adjektiva, numeralia, dan frasa preposisional; S diisi oleh nomina. Berdasarkan nilai komunikatifnya, kalimat inversi dapat dibedakan atas (1) kalimat inversi deklaratif, (2) kalimat inversi interogatif, (3) kalimat inversi imperatif, dan (4) kalimat inversi eksklamatif. Berdasarkan kemungkinan perubahan pola urutan P-S, kalimat inversi dalam bahasa Jawa dapat dibedakan atas tipe kalimat inversi opsional dan tipe kalimat inversi wajib. Kalimat inversi eksklamatif merupakan tipe kalimat inversi wajib karena bersifat tegar, artinya tidak dapat diubah menjadi pola urutan S-P. Berdasarkan kemungkinan pemunculan konstruksi relatif, ada satu kalimat inversi yang memunculkan konstruksi relatif dengan kata kang/sing ‘yang’ sebagai penanda relatif. Pada dasarnya struktur kalimat inversi digunakan untuk mementingkan atau memberi tekanan pada P. Penutur memberi tekanan pada P dengan cara menempatkannya di depan atau di sebelah kiri S. Dengan mempertimbangkan faktor maksud penutur, ciri S dan verba pengisi P, dan konteks wacana, ditemukan tujuh alasan yang mendorong pemakaian kalimat inversi dalam bahasa Jawa, yaitu (1) topikalisasi, (2) pemfokusan, (3) pengenalan informasi baru, (4) konstituen pengis i S yang panjang, (5) pengungkapan makna eksklamatif, (6) penggambaran peristiwa tidak terduga, dan (7) penggambaran tindakan beruntun.

This research discusses inversion sentence in ngoko (the low level of Javanese speech) Javanese, of which focus is still more on the single-sentence and of which aspect of the study involves (1) the features of inversion, (2) the structures of the syntactic function of inversion, (3) the kinds of inversion, (4) the types of inversion, and (5) the basic reasons of the inversion usage. This research is conducted through various stages, i.e. preparing the data, analyzing the data, and representing the analyzed data. In preparing the data, the writer uses the observation method by previously applying the tapping and recording techniques. Then, the distribution and identity methods are used to analyze the data. The distribution is applied through both the immediate divisions of the sentence elements and permutation techniques. Meanwhile, the identity method used is based on the identity method of pragmatic. At last, the informal and formal methods are applied to represent the analyzed data. The inversion sentence may well be recognized through its features and intonations. The functional structures of the inversion with no Adv to be its element, may be distinguished into the (1) P-S, (2) P-O-S, (3) P-O-Compl-S, dan (4) P-Compl-S. Meanwhile, the functional structures with Adv elements may well be distinguished into (1) P-S plus Adv, (2) P-O-S plus Adv, (3) P-O-Compl-S plus Adv, and (4) P-Compl-S plus Adv. Since Adv may fill various functions so long as it does not infix into the P-O-Compl or P-Compl, then, the more the sentences containing Adv, the more the variant structures that can be created through the permutation process. The features of intonation can be distinctly seen through the intonation patterns of (1) the declarative inversions ([2] 3 2 // [2] 1 # ), (2) the interrogative ([2] 3 1 // [2] 2 # ), and (3) the imperative ([2] 3 // [2] 1 # ). The P in the inversion sentence can be filled with the words or phrases of which categorizes are verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals, and prepositional phrases; S is filled with noun. Based on its communicative values, the inversion sentence can be categorized into (1) declarative, (2) interrogative, (3) imperative, and (4) exclamatory. However, based on the possibility of P-S conversions, the inversion sentence can also be distinguished into two types, i.e. optional and obligatory. The exclamatory inversion can be included into the obligatory inversions for its obstinacy; in other words it can be converted into the S-P pattern. Based on the possibility of the relative construction occurrence, there is particularly another inversion type that features the relative construction with kang/sing (the relative pronoun) to be its relative indicator. Basically, the structure of inversion means to emphasize the P. In this regard, the speakers bring notice to the P by means of locating it in front or in the left side of the S. By considering the intention of the speaker, the features of the S and the verb filling P, the discourse context, it is found out that there are seven basic reasons stimulating in the using of inversion sentence in Javanese, i.e. (1) topicalisation, (2) focussing, (3) introducing new information, (4) a long filling constituent of the S, (5) conveying the exclamative meaning, (6) describing the unexpected events, and (7) describing the consecutive action.

Kata Kunci : Bahasa Jawa Ngoko, Kalimat Inversi, Fungsi Sintaksis dan Pragmatis, inversion sentence, syntactic function, pragmatic function.