Pembuatan Biopreservative asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit serta aplikasinya untuk pengawetan kayu

SUNARTA, Sigit, Dr.Ir. Purnama Darmadji

2006 | Tesis | S2 Teknologi Hasil Perkebunan

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara eksportir minyak kelapa sawit terpenting didunia. Proses produksi minyak kelapa sawit ini telah menimbulkan dampak negatif dengan adanya limbah yang belum dapat dimanfaatkan seluruhnya sehingga akan berdampak buruk pada lingkungan. Berbagai cara telah dicoba untuk memanfaatkan limbah ini. Akhir-akhir ini telah banyak dilakukan penelitian mengenai pembuatan asap cair dari kayu untuk berbagai keperluan dengan hasil yang sangat memuaskan. Sifat-sifat kimia yang telah diteliti dalam penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa asap cair memiliki sifat-sifat antioksidan, antibakteri dan antifungal. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka penelitian ini akan mencoba membuat asap cair dari cangkang kelapa sawit, meneliti sifat-sifatnya dan juga akan mencoba mengaplikasikan asap cair ini sebagai bahan pengawet kayu untuk mencegah serangan rayap dan jamur penoda. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan cara melakukan pirolisis dan distilasi terhadap bahan baku cangkang kelapa sawit dengan suhu yang berbeda-beda yaitu 300 ⁰C, 350 ⁰C dan 400 ⁰C. Distilat yang berupa asap cair diteliti rendemen, berat jenis, indek bias dan komponen kimianya menggunakan Gas Chromatography. Selanjutnya hasil yang berupa asap cair diaplikasikan sebagai pengawet kayu terhadap serangan rayap kayu kering dan jamur penoda. Faktor-faktor yang digunakan adalah suhu pirolisis, jenis kayu dan lama perendaman. Parameter uji yang dipakai adalah meliputi absorbsi, retensi, mortalitas rayap dan mortalitas jamur penoda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen pembuatan asap cair asap cair berkisar antara 35%-37%, berat jenis asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit berkisar antara 1,0365 – 1,0431, indek bias asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit berkisar antara 1.3594 – 1.3613, absorbsi bahan pengawet berkisar 0,0097% – 0,0701 %, retensi berkisar antara 0,0034 – 0,0110 gram/cm3. Sementara itu aplikasi untuk pengawetan menunjukkan hasil bahwa mortalitas rayap 25% dicapai pada hari ke 3 - 6, mortalitas rayap 50% dicapai hari ke 3 - 20 dan mortalitas 100% dicapai hari ke 5-49, sementara itu untuk sampel kontrol sampai akhir pengamatan belum tercapai mortalitas 25%. Kefektifan asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit untuk menahan serangan cendawan penoda ternyata sangat tinggi.

Indonesia is among one of the most important palm oil exporting countries around the world. For many years, palm oil production has been always increasing so that it is able to earn a lot of foreign exchange. On the contrary, its production process has been causing negative impact by resulting waste such as unused Oil palm fruit shell that can cause bad effect to surrounding environment. Many methods have been tested to make use of this waste material to become such useful product as composite board, charcoal, active charcoal, etc. Recently, many researches regarding wood-made liquid smoke has been conducted for many purposes, mainly in food sector with satisfying result. Observed chemical characteristic show that liquid smoke possesses characteristic of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti fungal. Based on those facts, this research tries to make liquid smoke from Oil palm fruit shell, examines its features, and also tries to apply as wood preserving material in order to prevent termites raid and staining fungus. This research is conducted by performing pirolysis and distillation onto Oil palm fruit shell materials in different temperature i.e. 300 ⁰C, 350 ⁰C and 400 ⁰C. Distillate in form of liquid smoke then is examined regarding its yield, its specific gravity, its refractive index and chemical components by using Chromatography Gas. Furthermore, the result which is in form of liquid smoke then applied as wood preservatives from dry wood termite raid and staining fungus. Factors used in this research are pirolysis temperature, type of wood and submergence time. Parameter test in this research includes absorption, retention, termite mortality and staining fungus mortality. The result shows that yield from liquid smoke ranges between 36 – 39%, specific gravity ranges 1.0365 – 1.0431, refractive index ranges 1.3594 - 1.3613, absorption of wood to liquid smoke ranges 0.0097 – 0.0701 gram/cm3, retention ranges 0.0034 – 0.0110 gram/cm3. Meanwhile, its application for preservation indicates that 25% termite mortality is attained in day 3 – 6, 50% termite mortality is attained in day 3 – 20 and 100% termite mortality is attained in day 5 – 49, at same time for control sample until the end of the research has not yet achieved 25% mortality. The effectiveness of liquid smoke from Oil palm fruit shell can withstand staining fungus raid is in high level so that staining fungus cannot lurk alive at all in preserved wood by using liquid smoke from Oil palm fruit shell.

Kata Kunci : Asap Cair,Cangkang Kelapa Sawit,Pengawetan Kayu, Oil Palm Fruit Shell, Liquid Smoke