Uji efikasi seduhan daun tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum) dalam membunuh nyamuk Aedes aegypti
TANJUNG, Nelson, Dr. Damar Tri Boewono, M.Sc
2005 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Kerja (Kesehatan Lingkungan)Nyamuk Ae. aegypti adalah vekto r utama dari virus Dengue yang menyebabkan penyakit DBD. Spesies ini hidup di dalam dan sekitar rumah sehingga banyak dijumpai di wilayah pemukimanan penduduk baik di kota maupun di pedesaan di Indonesia. Peningkatan populasi nyamuk akan mempengaruhi bahaya DBD terhadap masyarakat. Pemberantasan nyamuk Ae aegypti dapat dilakukan dengan cara kimia, genetik, biologi dan pengelolaan lingkungan. Salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan adalah dengan pemanfaatan insektisida yang berasal dari tumbuhtumbuhan. Daun tanaman tembakau yang mengandung bahan alifatis golongan alkaloid seperti anabrine, anatobine, myosine, nicotinoid, nicotilline, nicotine, nicotyrine, nornicotine dan pirrlodin, dapat membunuh nyamuk. Pembuatan seduhan daun tembakau di lakukan dengan cara merendam didalam air selama 24 jam, kemudian hasil rendaman disaring. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui letal konsentrasi (LC-95) dan efektifitas lama simpan seduhan daun tembakau dengan suhu awal 600C dan tanpa pemanasan dalam membunuh nyamuk Ae. aegypti dengan menggunakan metoda eksprimen rancangan post test only control group design. Pada penelitian ini digunakan kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol terdiri dari 20 ekor nyamuk Ae. aegpty dewasa. Konsentrasi letal (LC-95) didapat dari hasil analisis probit berdasarkan jumlah kematian nyamuk pada uji pendahuluan setelah di semprot dengan seduhan daun tembakau, masing-masing konsentrasi 7%, 8,5%, 10 %, 11,5%, 13% dan 14,5% sebanyak 30 ml. Hasil analisis didapatkan besar nilai konsentrasi LC-95 adalah 12 % untuk seduhan daun tembakau suhu awal 600C, dan 15 % untuk seduhan daun tembakau tanpa pemanasan. Uji sebenarnya menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang nyata antara seduhan dan tembakau suhu awal 600C konsentrasi 12% dengan seduhan daun tembakau tanpa pemanasan konsentrasi 15 % terhadap kematian nyamuk Ae. aegpty (p = 0,002; <0,05). Hasil uji setelah 9 hari diperoleh nilai (p= 0,657; >0,05) tidak ada perbedaan nyata kematian dari kedua konsentrasi seduhan daun tembakau. Lama penyimpanan 9 hari pada suhu kamar, tidak efektif digunakan untuk membunuh nyamuk Ae. aegpty, hal ini dibuktikan berdasarkan hasil uji t- test antara hari ke 1 dan hari ke 9 seduhan daun tembakau suhu awal 600C konsentrasi 12 % (p = 0,032; <0,05) dan seduhan daun tembakau tanpa pemanasan konsentrasi 15 % (p = 0,027; <0,05) menunjukkan perbedaan nyata. Efektif lama simpan seduhan daun tembakau dari hasil penelitian ini, paling lama 6 hari.
Background: Aedes aegypti is a main vector of dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever disease. This species lives in and around the household so that it may be easily encountered in people's dwellings either in urban or rural areas of Indonesia. Increasing population of mosquitoes affects the danger of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the community. Eradication of aedes aegypti can be done chemically, genetically, biologically and through environmental management. One way that can be implemented is utilizing insecticide made from plants. Tobacco leaves which contain aliphatic substance of alcaloid type such as anabrine, anatobine, myosine, nicotinoid, nicotilline, nicotine, nicotyrine, nornicotine and pirrlodin can kill mosquitoes. Tobbaco leave steeping is made by soaking the leaves in the water for 24 hours, and then the result of the soaking is filtered. Objective: To identify lethal concentration (LC-95) and effectiveness of length of storage of tobacco leave steeping in 60oC without heating in killing a edes aegypti. Method: The study used an experiment method with post test only control group design. As many as 20 adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes were used as experiment group and control group. Lethal concentration (LC -95) was gained from result of probit analysis based on number of dead mosquitoes during preliminary test after being squirted with tobacco leave steeping, with subsequent concentration 7%, 8.5%, 10%, 11.5%, 13% and 14.5% as much as 30 ml. Result: Level of lethal concentration (LC-95) was 12% for tobacco leave steeping in 60oC and 15% for tobacco leave steeping without heating. Conclusion: Real test showed that there was obvious difference between tobacco leaves steeping in 60oC with 12% concentration and one without heating with 15% concentration against death of aedes aegypti (p=0.002;<0.05). Result of test after 9 days showed that there was no obvious difference (p=0.657;>0.05) from the two concentrations of tobacco leave steeping. Nine-day length of storage within room temperature was ineffective in killing aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This was proven from result of t-test between the first and the ninth day of tobacco leave steeping in 60oC with 12% concentration (p=0.032;<0.05) and tobacco leave steeping without heating with 15% concentration (p=0.027;<0.05) which showed that there was obvious difference. Effective length of storage of tobacco leaves steeping from this study was 6 days at most.
Kata Kunci : Kesehatan Lingkungan,Insektisida,Seduhan Daun Tembakau
