Karakteristik penduduk dan kondisi fisik rumah sebagai faktor risiko pada kejadian suspek penyakit tuberkulosis di Kota Yogyakarta tahun 2005

SAPUTRA, Eddy Suwandi, Prof.Dr.dr. Soebijanto

2006 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Kerja (Kesehatan Lingkungan)

Kota Yogyakarta merupakan salah satu kota di Propinsi DIY yang mempunyai kepadatan penduduk cukup tinggi. Jumlah rumah di Kota Yogyakarta 81.398 rumah dan diperiksa 37.661 rumah dengan hasil yang memenuhi syarat rumah sehat (83,36%). Penyakit tuberkulosis sebagai penyakit berbasis lingkungan merupakan kontribusi beberapa faktor risiko, diantaranya adalah masalah lingkungan perumahan, pendidikan dan pendapatan. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut maka penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik penduduk (tingkat pendidikan, pendapatan) dan kondisi fisik rumah (kepadatan hunian rumah, ventilasi, pencahayaan dan kelembaban) sebagai faktor risiko pada kejadian suspek penyakit TB di Kota Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah non eksperimen dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Lokasi penelitian di Kota Yogyakarta. Populasi penelitian adalah jumlah rumah sebanyak 81.398 rumah di 45 kelurahan. Penentuan besar sampel dilakukan dengan metode pengambilan sampel acak kelompok dua tahap (two stages cluster random sampling) didapat 23 kelurahan dengan besar sampel 235 rumah. Variabel bebas meliputi: tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pendapatan, kepadatan hunian rumah, ventilasi, pencahayaan dan kelembaban. Variabel terikat adalah suspek tuberkulosis. Alat yang digunakan adalah kuesioner, rollmeter, luxmeter, dan hygrometer. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik. Hasil uji statistik X2 menunjukkan bahwa (1) tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pendidikan dengan kejadian suspek TB (p = 0,836; OR = 0,92; 95%CI 0,55-1,53), (2) ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pendapatan dengan kejadian suspek TB (p = 0,025; OR = 1,99; 95%CI 1,13-3,52); (3) ada hubungan yang bermakna antara kepadatan hunian rumah dengan kejadian suspek TB (p = 0,001; OR = 2,62; 95%CI 1,53-4,47), (4) ada hubungan yang sangat bermakna antara ventilasi rumah yang tidak memenuhi syarat dengan kejadian suspek TB (p = 0,000; OR = 4,60; 95%CI 2,62-8,08), (5) ada hubungan yang sangat bermakna antara pencahayaan rumah dengan kejadian suspek TB (p = 0,000; OR = 9,06; 95%CI 4,87-16,87), (6) ada hubungan yang sangat bermakna antara kelembaban rumah dengan kejadian suspek TB (p = 0,000; OR = 4,99; 95% CI 2,55-9,75). Dari enam variabel bebas ini secara bersama-sama sebagai faktor risiko yang paling dominan terhadap kejadian suspek TB, ternyata hanya dua yaitu : pencahayaan (OR = 6,989; 95%CI 3,648-13,389) dan kelembaban (OR = 2,521; 95%CI 1,181- 5,380).

Yogyakarta municipality is one of the towns Yogyakarta Province, which has a high density of population. The amount of houses in this municipality is 81,398 houses and detected 37,661 houses, which are acknowledged to fulfill a requirement of healthy houses (83,36%). Tuberculosis still becomes a problem in Yogyakarta municipality . The occurrence of tuberculosis as a disease based on environment is a contribution of several risk factors; some of which are housing environment, income, and education. With compliance to such facts, this research is conducted with an aim at knowing characteristic of population (in the level of education, income) and physical condition of houses (density of inhibited house, ventilation, illumination, and humidity) as risk factors upon the occurrence of suspected tuberculosis in Yogyakarta municipality. The kind of research conducted is a non-experiment research along with a cross sectional design research . The location of research is in Yogyakarta municipality. The population of research comprises 81,398 houses. The determination of samples is done with method of two stages cluster random sampling; that is , from 45 districts, it is taken 50% from 23 selected districts. From the amount of selected districts , it is counted the available houses with inclusive criteria: the head of family has already inhibited for 1 year, the physical condition of houses does not experience any change for 2 recent years, the head of family is already 15 years of age in 2005, the readiness of the head of family to become respondent . From the amount of houses is result of inclusive criteria, it is selected then with sample random sampling and resulted 235 houses. Free variables comprises education, income and density of inhibited house, ventilation, illumination, and humidity, which restricted variable is suspected tuberculosis. The applicable instrument are questionnaire, environmental laboratory devices : rollmeter, luxmeter, and hygrometer. Data analysis being used is logistic regression with SPPS11. The results of Chi square statistic are : there is no a significant relation between the level of education and the occurrence of suspected tuberculosis (p = 0,836; OR = 0,92; 95%CI 0,55-1,53), there is a significant relation between income and the occurrence of suspected tuberculosis (p = 0,025; OR = 1,99; 95%CI 1,13-3,52), there is a significant relation between the density of houses and the occurrence of suspected tuberculosis (p = 0,001; OR = 2,62; 95%CI 1,53-4,47), there is a very significant relation between ve ntilation and the occurrence of suspected tuberculosis (p = 0,000; OR = 4,60; 95%CI 2,62-8,08), there is very a significant relation between housing illumination is in risk to the occurrence of suspected tuberculosis (p = 0,000; OR = 9,06; 95%CI 4,87-16,87), there is a very significant relation between humidity and the occurrence of suspected tuberculosis (p = 0,000; OR = 4,99; 95% CI 2,55-9,75). From these six free variables , which are simultaneously assumed to be the most founded that there are only two : illumination is in risk (OR = 6,989; 95%CI 3,648-13,389), and humidity (OR = 2,521; 95%CI 1,181- 5,380)

Kata Kunci : Kesehatan Lingkungan,Penyakit TBC,Kesehatan Rumah, characteristic of population, risk factors, suspected tuberculosis.