Posisi Wahyu dalam Agama Kristiani dan Islam :: Kajian tentang perbedaan menurut strukturalisme Levi-Strauss

LISTIA, Dr. Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra

2005 | Tesis | S2 Antropologi

Penelitian tentang perbedaan agama Kristiani dan Islam dilakukan dengan tujuam mencari cara memahami perbedaan yang ada dalam kedua agama ini. Perspektif strukturalisme Levi-Strauss dianggap tepat digunakan karena mempunyai asumsi, konsep model dan metode yang memang dikonstruksikan untuk memahami mengapa suatu kebudayaan berbeda satu dengan yang lain. Asumsi yang mendasari dalam perspektif ini adalah bahwa realitas tidak hanya pada wilayah empiris, tetapi meliputi hal-hal yang berada sibalik yang empiris. Konsepsi yang terpenting digunakan adalah konsep struktur yang menyakini bahwa segala sesuatu dalam kehidupan manusia menjadi bermakna karena berada dalam kaitan dengan yang lain, sebagaimana dalam bahasa yang menjadi model analisis dalam strukturalisme Levi-Strauss. Struktur terdiri atas yang lahiriah atau surface structure dan yang bersifat batini atau dibalik , atau deep structure . Konsep kedua adalah tentang binary opposition, konsep yang menyatakan bahwa setiap kebudayaan mempunyai cara berfikir tertentu tentang hal-hal yang berpasangan yang mempunyai sifat berkebalikan. Hasil analisis menurut strukturalisme Levi-Strauss memperlihatkan bahwa di balik penampilan ekpresi keberagaman yang sangat bervariasi dalam agama Kristiani dan Islam bila diamati mempunyai struktur tetap yang memberikan keunikan masing-masing agama. Bila unsure-unsurstruktur kedua agama dibandingkan, akan terlihat bahwa secara empiric unsure-unsurnya berbeda tetapi mempunyai fungsi dan makna yang sama . Lebih dari itu, inti dalam struktur kedua agama secara secara substansial adalah sama yaitu Allah, wahyu dan manusia.

This thesis of “Divine Revelation Position in The Christianity and Islam, A Study on The Difference of Religion according to The Structuralism of Levi- Strauss”, was arranged in order to provide an understanding on the differences between Christianity and Islam in the context of Structuralism of Levi-Strauss paradigm. The first step is investigating various information of Christianity and Islam, so that we can explain the elements constructing internal structure of each religion. It is hope that, by finding their internal structure, we can describe the position of these thoughts on the Divine Revelation in the context of the whole structure and describe how these different thoughts influence the Christian and Islam way of life. Further, it is hope that we can find the model of structure, which becomes the inner of these two religions, by which people can more easily understand these two religions. The data collecting process related to the focus of this research was based on the formal/institutional religious thought on the Divine Revelation according to the Christian and Islam. This “formal/institutional” character becomes a guideline for the model of analysis which uses the language as an analogy whose langue aspect, that is a part of language which has a rule and becomes a communal thought, will be analyzed structurally rather than its parole aspect, that is the contextual and unique personal thought.The tabulation of data was done in two ways. Firstly is constructing mytheme, that are elements of religious discourse construction which contains oppositional, relative and negative character. This mytheme is an analogy of phoneme that Roman Jacobson defined as something really makes different and has no meaning if it has no relation with others (cf. Levi-Strauss, 1985:145). In this step, the units of religious thought which become the faith of Christianity and Islam are arranged. For example, how God is formulated so that He can be communicated, how that formulation can clarify the manifestation of God in the world, how is the thought of relationship between God and man, how this relationship is expressed in the social life. Secondly is looking for the intercorelation between this arranged units of thought in the relation which producing meaning in the life of both religions, so that the internal structure of each realigion is visible. Further, this two internal structure are compared, so that the model of structure of both religions will be visible. In the research on the differences between Christian and Islam, the internal structure of both religion is found. This structure consists of a set of elements which have inter-corelation in which the unique function and meaning can be found. If one of this elements was lost or replaced, the character of the whole structure will be changed. The elements of the structure of Christian religion consist of the Father, Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit, the apostle, the bible and the Church. The elements of internal structure of Islam consist of God (Allah), al Quran, Muhammad, the disciples of Muhammad (para sahabat nabi), al Hadits, and the Syariah. The concept of the differences of reality in the Levi-Strauss’ structuralism explains that the differences exist only in the external structure, or surface structure, but in the internal structure, there is a same inner model. The differences of the form of the internal structure’s elements between Christian and Islam indicate the differences of this surface level. Further, this research has found that the inner structure or the deep structure of the Christian and Islam is the same and consists of this elements: Allah, man and the mediator. The element of mediator in the Christian and Islam has different form. It has a relation with the context of culture where this element of mediator is formulated or constructed. The triangle of Allah, man and the mediator of the Christian religion appeared in the Helenic culture, and those of Islam appeared in the Arabic culture. In the Christian religion, the mediator is Jesus Christ which is understood as the Word of God, that is the God Himself who incarnates in the body (flesh) or the organ. In the Islam, the mediator is al Quran which is understood as the divine revelation or the Word of God which has language as His form. The difference of this mediator form has a clear correlation with the conception of God and man in both religions.

Kata Kunci : Kebudayaan, Strukturalisme Levi Strauss, Posisi Wahyu, Islam dan Kristen