Eklektisisme dan gaya arsitektur eklektik di Amrika Serikat :: Kajian konsep dan prinsip-prinsip perancangan

HARISAH, Afifah, Ir. Sudaryono, M.Eng.,Ph.D

2005 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Arsitektur

Tujuan dari penelitian ini dibagi dalam dua tahap: pertama menganalisis eklektisisme sebagai sebuah metode dalam filsafat, seni dan arsitektur kemudian mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis konsep dan prinsip-prinsip perancangan eklektisisme dalam arsitektur secara diakronik untuk membuat kerangka konseptual eklektisisme dari dua puluh dua pemikiran teoritikus dan arsitek eklektik di Eropa & Amerika. Kedua, kerangka konseptual yang telah ditemukan di dalam tahap pertama digunakan sebagai sebuah parameter untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis konsep dan prinsip-prinsip perancangan arsitektur eklektik di Amerika Serikat dari tahun 1770-1930 M. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini menggunakan paradigma rasionalistik dengan content analysis serta metode purposive sampling. Pada tahap pertama, penelitian ini menemukan lima tema utama yaitu nature, historical references, art, symbol, structure, construction and material beserta tiga tema pendukung yaitu fungsi, ekonomi dan individual idea. Dalam tema alam terdapat lima konsep yaitu disposisi, localism, imitasi elemen-elemen alam, contextualism dan regionalism. Dalam tema historical references terdapat lima tema yaitu classic patron, syncretic vocabulary, antiquity & modern syncretic works, allusionism dan general adoption. Dalam tema art terdapat lima konsep yaitu arsitektur bukan plastic arts, arsitektur bukan picturesque, arsitektur seperti picturesque, arsitektur sebagai plastic arts dan ornamentalism. Dalam tema symbol terdapat tiga konsep yaitu plurality meaning, analogy, dan building as a monument. Dalam tema struktur, konstruksi dan material terdapat tiga konsep yaitu konstruksi dasar dari estetika, materialism dan ekspos struktur. Dalam tema fungsi terdapat satu konsep yaitu ekonomis dan terakhir dalam tema individual idea terdapat dua konsep both/and dan emulation. Dalam semua tema-tema dan konsep-konsep tersebut terdapat tujuh puluh sembilan prinsip-prinsip perancangan yang sifatnya spesifik dan enam belas prinsip-prinsip umum. Pada tahap kedua, berdasarkan parameter yang telah ditemukan sebelumnya, penelitian ini menemukan lima tema utama yaitu nature, historical references, art, symbol dan struktur, konstruksi dan material. Semuanya terdiri dari empat belas konsep, delapan prinsip umum serta tiga puluh lima prinsip khusus. Konsep-konsep yang sering digunakan adalah disposisi, contextualism, classic patron, ornamentalism, plurality meaning, esthethic based on construction dan materialism.

The objective of this research was divided in two steps: the first, it was to analyze eclecticism as a method in philosophy, art and architecture, then to identify and to analyze concept and design principles eclecticism in architecture diachronically for making conceptual framework of eclecticism from twenty two thoughts of theorist and architect eclectic in Europe and America. The second, the conceptual framework has been found in the first step was used as a parameter to identify and to analyze concept and design principles of eclectic architecture in the United State of America from 1770 to 1930 AD. In reaching this objective used rasionalistic paradigm with content analysis and purposive sampling method. At the first step, this research has found five main themes as nature, historical references, art, symbol and structure, construction and material and also three complement themes as function, economy and individual idea. In the nature theme was five concepts of disposition, localism, imitation natural elements, contextualism and regionalism. In the historical references theme was five concepts of classic patron, syncretic vocabulary, antiquity & modern syncretic works, allusionism and general adoption. In the art theme was five concepts of architecture was not a plastic arts, architecture was not a picturesque, architecture was like a picturesque, architecture as a plastic arts and ornamentalism. In the symbol theme was three concepts of plurality meaning, analogy, and building as a monument. In the structure, construction and material theme was three concepts of esthethic based on construction, materialism and structure expose. In the function theme was two concepts of considering function and functionalism. In the economy theme was one concept of economic and the end theme as individual idea was two concepts of both/and and emulation. All themes and concepts were consist of seventy nine spesific and sixteen general principles. At the second step, based on some parameters before, this research has found five main themes as nature, historical references, art, symbol and structure, construction and material. They were consist of fourtheen concepts, eight general and thirty five specific principles. The highlighted concepts were found on disposition, contextualism, classic patron, ornamentalism, plurality meaning, esthethic based on construction and materialism.

Kata Kunci : referensi-referensi historis, seleksi dan kombinasi, seni, simbol, alam, historical references, selection and combination, art, symbol