Mekanisme rekrutmen calon anggota DPRD oleh Partai-partai politik dominan :: Studi terhadap Partai Golkar, PDIP dan PNBK di Kabupaten Lembata-Propinsi NTT

SUCIADI, Quintus Irenius, Prof.Dr. Riswandha Imawan, MA

2005 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Politik (Politik Lokal dan Otonomi Daerah)

Kabupaten Lembata di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur merupakan sebuah kabupaten yang baru dimekarkan setelah pemilu 1999. Dengan demikian pemilu 2004 merupakan pemilu perdana sejak Kabupaten Lembata terbentuk. Keberadaan Kabupaten Lembata ini, praktis telah merupakan ajang atau arena politik baru bagi partai politik untuk meraih atau memperebutkan pengaruh, dengan cara menempatkan wakil-wakilnya pada lembaga legislatif. Bagaimana cara partai-partai politik dominan, yakni partai politik yang memperoleh suara terbanyak, dalam hal ini Partai Golkar, partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDIP) dan Partai Nasional Banteng Kemerdekaan (PNBK), menjaring dan menempatkan kadernya untuk menjadi calon anggota legislatif. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan teknis analisis data kualitatif, penulis menganalisis fenomena rekrutmen calon anggota legislatif, dengan didasarkan pada landasan formal dan mekanisme internal masing-masing partai dominan tersebut. Diperoleh gambaran bahwa mekanisme rekrutmen calon anggota legislatif di Kabupaten Lembata, sangat didominasi oleh State Captured, yakni adanya kekuatan oligarkhi lama yang ingin tampil kembali dalam meraih dan merebut kekuasaan / jabatan publik. Adanya kontestasi politik antar partai politik dominan dan antar aktor politik lokal, sebagai pengaruh fenomena state captured tersebut, turut mempengaruhi mekanisme rekrutmen calon anggota legislatif di Kabupaten Lembata.. Disamping itu, karakteristik partai politik dengan tipologinya, turut berperan dalam menentukan mekanisme rekrutmen calon anggota legislatif. Partai Golkar dengan karakteristik Catch All Party, telah berhasil merekrut kandidat dari berbagai lapisan kelompok sosial dalam masyarakat. Sedangkan kondisi sebaliknya terjadi pada PDIP dan PNBK, yang hanya terkesan melibatkan kelompok-kelompok pemilih tradisional mereka di Kabupaten Lembata. Persoalan lain, meskipun ruang format demokrasi telah diberikan kepada partai politik untuk mengadakan seleksi partai se-demokratis mungkin, namun partai politik dominan di Kabupaten Lembata, terkesan masih sangat oligarkhis, dalam memutuskan dan menetapkan kandidat anggota legislatif. Hal paling fenomenal lainnya yang muncul dalam penelitian ini adalah, adanya 4 orang kepala desa yang terlibat sebagai calon anggota legislatif. Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2002 tentang Partai Politik, tidak mengatur secara tegas tentang siapa-siapa yang tidak boleh menjadi calon anggota legislatif, namun di dalam undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2003, pasal 75, ada larangan bagi kepala desa untuk berkampanye. Adanya kontestasi politik antar partai politik dominan dan antar aktor politik lokal, turut mempengaruhi mekanisme rekrutmen dimaksud. Bagi penulis, fenomena kepala desa ini merupakan suatu keanehan yuridis, sebab, Bagaimana logika sehat kita bisa menerima bahwa, seseorang boleh menjadi calon anggota legislatif tetapi tidak boleh berkampanye?

The regency of Lembata at Province of East Nusa Tenggara was the spread out regency after general election in 1999. Hence the general election 2004 was the first general election since the Regency of Lembata established. Practically, this existence of Regency of Lembata has been the new political arena for the political party to reach or seize the influence, by means of placing its representative to the legislative institution. How was the way of dominant political parties, that is the political party that got the greater vote, in this case the Golkar Party, the Struggle Indonesian Democration Party (PDIP) and the Independent Ox National Party (PNBK), filtering and placing its cadres to be candidate of legislative member. Using a qualitative method and qualitative data analysis technique, the writer analyzes the recruitment phenomenon of candidate of legislative member base on the formal base and internal mechanism of each dominant party. The result indicate that recruitment mechanism of candidate of legislative member in the Regency of Lembata was most dominated by the State Captured, that is the presence of old oligarchy power/ public position. The presence of political contestation between dominant political party and local political actors, as phenomenon effect of the state captured, has influenced as well the recruitment mechanism of candidate of legislative member in the Regency of Lembata. In addition, the characteristic of political party with its typology has played the role also to determine the recruitment mechanism of candidate of legislative member. The Golkar Party with catch all party characteristic, have succeed to recruit the candidate of various social group layer in the society. Whereas the opposite condition was taken place to PDIP and PNBK, which just impressed to involve their traditional voter groups in the Regency of Lembata. Another problem, although the democration format space has been offered to political party for organizing selection of party as democratic as possible, but the dominant political party in the Regency of Lembata was impressed still most oligarchic on decision making and determining the candidate of legislative members. The most other phenomenal case that appears in this research was the presence of 4 head of villages involved as the candidate of legislative member. The Law Number 31, 2002 on the Political Party was not organizing strictly about who might not to be the candidate of legislative member, but in the Law number 21, 2003, article 75, there was prohibition for the head of village to do campaign. The existence of political contestant between the dominant political party and the local political actor has influence as well the related recruitment mechanism. For the writer, this head of village phenomenon was the juridical oddity, since how was our healthy logic can accept that one might to be the candidate of legislative member but might not to do campaign.

Kata Kunci : Partai Politik,Rekrutmen Caleg,Kontestasi Politik, Political Party, Recruitment, State Captured, Political Contestation