Analisis efektivitas resolusi konflik dan membangun perdamaian berbasis kelestarian lingkungan: Studi Komparasi Beberapa Kasus Konflik di Kabupaten Manggarai Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Kabupaten Malinau Kalimantan Timur

SUDANA, I Made, Dr. Nanang Pamuji Mugasejati

2005 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan Nasional (Magister Perdamaian dan Res

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami efektivitas resolusi konflik dan membangun perdamaian berbasis kelestarian lingkungan pada awal era desentralisasi di Indonesia. Survey dilakukan di Kabupaten Manggarai Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Kabupaten Malinau Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana peran para pelaku kunci dalam membangun perdamaian dan resolusi konflik berkaitan dengan kelestarian lingkungan? Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengamatan kondisi lapangan, wawancara secara semi struktural berdasarkan metode bola salju, dan membandingkan data dengan sumber-sumber tertulis. Efektivitas resolusi konflik dan membangun perdamaian pada pengamatan sampel terpilih dipengaruhi oleh akar masalah, para pelaku, dan proses pendekatan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan akar masalah yang menyebabkan konflik adalah kompetisi terhadap sumber daya alam dalam struktur jaringan yang luas antara masyarakat, intelektual, institusi swasta, pasar, pengusaha, investor, politisi, dan pejabat pemerintah. Pengamatan konflik pada penelitian ini menunjukkan ada pelaku kunci yang bersikap paling pro dan paling kontra yang jumlahnya sangat sedikit. Ada pelaku simpatisan yang secara sukarela tunduk kepada pelaku kunci oleh karena struktur, dan bersedia melakukan tindakan. Ada pihak yang sedang mengambang berpotensi menjadi kekuatan massa untuk melakukan aksi. Massa mengambang ini diperebutkan oleh pelaku kunci melalui propaganda. Ada proses penularan perasaan untuk membangun koalisi, disadari atau tidak, telah meningkatkan akumulasi emosi, konflik, dan kekerasan. Ada insentif para pelaku kunci untuk meraih kekuasaan dalam pemerintahan dan penguasaan sumber daya alam sebagai dua hal yang saling melengkapi. Insentif ini membutuhkan biaya mahal dengan konsekuensi terjadi pemborosan terhadap sumber daya alam dan meningkatnya kerusakan lingkungan. Proses pendekatan resolusi konflik dan membangun perdamaian dengan cara-cara damai dilakukan terhadap pelaku kunci yang mengacu pada substansi akar masalah.

Present research purposed to understand the effectiveness of conflict resolution and peace building base on the environment sustainability in the early of decentralizations era in Indonesia. It was conducted in District of Manggarai, Nusa Tenggara Timur, and District of Malinau, East Kalimantan. The research analyzed how the key actors play the role in peace building and conflict resolution related to the sustainable environment? Data have been collected with grounded survey, observation, semi structural interview base on snowball method, and compared with other published report. The effectiveness of conflict resolutions and peace building on the selected sample was influenced by the root of problems, the actors, and the approach of process. The research concluded that the root of problems that caused the conflicts are competition to the natural resources in a wide web structure among peoples, intellectuals, private sectors, markets, business persons, investors, politicians, and the official governments. The conflict observed in this research indicated the key actors who have very high attitude to support one group in pro side and who support others in contra side. These actors were only involved certain persons. Some actors supported by a group of peoples who legally bound or submit to a higher authority. In one group commits to do actions, while another group available a floating mass that have a big power potentially becomes a coalition. The key actors have competed for the floating mass to win the domination by propaganda. In the process to spread of propaganda to build a coalition, consciously or unconsciously, have caused to the increase of the accumulations of emotion, conflict, and violent. The key actors have an incentive to reach an authority in the official government and controls the natural resources. The natural resources and authority are two-aspect of a mutual dependence on supporting his position. These incentives need an expensive cost that followed by some consequences to explore the natural resources abundantly and increasing the environment destruction. The process of conflict resolution and peace building needs an assessment how to approach with peacefully and non-violence actions. The effectiveness of the approach must be considering the roots of problems and the key actors.

Kata Kunci : Resolusi Konflik,Kerusakan Lingkungan, Environment destruction, conflict, violence, resolution, building peace, effectiveness, with peacefully, key actors, legally bound, submits to a higher authority, coalition, propaganda, wide web structure, structural