BANK SAMPAH, ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP, DAN SOLUSI MASALAH SAMPAH PERKOTAAN: Studi Kasus Bank Sampah Eco Migunani di Banguntapan, Bantul DIY

Muhammad Aminudin, Dr. Drs. Suharman, M.Si.

2026 | Skripsi | Sosiologi

Sampah domestik di kawasan perkotaan, termasuk Kecamatan Banguntapan, Kabupaten Bantul, terus meningkat akibat tingginya kepadatan penduduk dan rendahnya kesadaran memilah sampah, persoalan yang kian mendesak sejak penutupan permanen TPST Piyungan pada Mei 2024. Di tengah kondisi tersebut, Bank Sampah Eco Migunani di Perum Graha muncul sebagai inisiatif warga yang konsisten menjalankan pengelolaan sampah berbasis partisipasi aktif selama satu dekade, sehingga menarik dikaji sebagai bentuk active citizenship dalam mengatasi persoalan sampah perkotaan.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus intrinsik. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan empat informan (ketua, pengurus, dan dua nasabah) yang dipilih melalui snowball sampling, serta dokumen internal komunitas seperti laporan pertanggungjawaban dan data penimbangan satu dekade. Data diolah melalui transkripsi verbatim dan coding, lalu dianalisis menggunakan teori modal sosial (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988) dan active citizenship (Gaynor, 2009; Arjen et al., 2017; Moro, 2012; Mattijssen, 2022), dilengkapi kerangka relasi kuasa (Arnstein, 1969; Gaventa, 2006) dan perspektif gender (Molyneux, 1985).

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bank Sampah Eco Migunani telah mengubah kondisi sosial masyarakat Perum Graha dari paradigma kumpul-angkut-buang yang pasif menjadi komunitas mandiri, dengan jumlah nasabah tumbuh dari 74 orang (2015) menjadi 243 orang (2024) melalui tiga fase perkembangan, yaitu perintis, penguatan, dan konsolidasi, serta tertanam dalam jaringan antar-komunitas bank sampah yang lebih luas bersama Bank Sampah Gemah Ripah. Partisipasi warga didorong oleh kesadaran lingkungan, insentif ekonomi, keteladanan pengurus, dan desakan penutupan TPST Piyungan, namun dihambat oleh kesadaran yang belum merata, keberadaan layanan konvensional, dan minimnya dukungan pemerintah tingkat bawah. Kontribusi active citizenship komunitas ini terbukti nyata dalam ranah ekologis, ekonomi (nilai penjualan sampah Rp 63.280.322 selama satu dekade), sosial, dan ekosistem (pertumbuhan empat puluh satu pengelola sampah mandiri lainnya se-Kecamatan Banguntapan). Namun, analisis relasi kuasa menunjukkan bahwa pengakuan negara terhadap komunitas ini belum sepenuhnya setara, dan keberhasilannya turut ditopang oleh privilese modal sosial dan ekonomi warga Perum Graha serta jaringan personal pengurus, sementara partisipasi tetap didominasi perempuan tanpa disertai perubahan berarti dalam pembagian kerja domestik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa active citizenship merupakan praktik sosial yang berdampak nyata ketika ditopang modal sosial yang kuat dan kepemimpinan yang konsisten, namun keberhasilan tersebut bersifat kontekstual dan tidak dapat dilepaskan dari relasi kuasa, privilese struktural, dan dinamika gender yang menyertainya, sehingga keberlanjutannya tetap membutuhkan dukungan struktural yang lebih tegas dan setara dari pemerintah.

Domestic waste in urban areas, including Banguntapan District, Bantul Regency, continues to increase due to high population density and limited public awareness in sorting waste at its source, a problem that has grown more urgent since the permanent closure of the Piyungan landfill in May 2024. Amid this condition, Bank Sampah Eco Migunani in Perum Graha has emerged as a citizen-led initiative that has consistently practiced participatory waste management for a decade, making it worth examining as a form of active citizenship in addressing urban waste problems.

This study employs a qualitative approach using an intrinsic case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with four informants (the chairperson, an administrator, and two members) selected using snowball sampling, as well as internal community documents such as accountability reports and a decade of weighing data. The data were processed through verbatim transcription and coding, then analyzed using social capital theory (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988) and active citizenship (Gaynor, 2009; Arjen et al., 2017; Moro, 2012; Mattijssen, 2022), supplemented by a power relations framework (Arnstein, 1969; Gaventa, 2006) and a gender perspective (Molyneux, 1985).

The findings show that Bank Sampah Eco Migunani has transformed the social condition of the Perum Graha community from a passive “collect-transport-dispose” paradigm into a self-reliant community, with the number of members growing from 74 (2015) to 243 (2024) across three developmental phases—pioneering, strengthening, and consolidation—while being embedded within a wider inter-community waste bank network alongside Bank Sampah Gemah Ripah. Community participation was driven by environmental awareness, economic incentives, exemplary leadership, and the pressure resulting from the closure of the Piyungan landfill, while being hindered by uneven public awareness, the persistence of conventional waste collection services, and limited support from local government. The community's active citizenship contribution proved tangible across the ecological, economic (a total waste sales value of IDR 63,280,322 over a decade), social, and ecosystem dimensions (the growth of forty-one other independent waste management units across Banguntapan District). However, a power relations analysis reveals that state recognition of the community remains less than fully equal, and its success has been partly sustained by the social and economic privilege of Perum Graha residents and the personal networks of its leadership, while participation remains dominated by women without substantial change in domestic labor division. This study concludes that active citizenship is a socially impactful practice when sustained by strong social capital and consistent leadership, yet such success is context-dependent and inseparable from the power relations, structural privilege, and gender dynamics that accompany it, meaning its long-term sustainability still requires firmer and more equitable structural support from the government.

Kata Kunci : bank sampah, active citizenship, modal sosial, pengelolaan sampah perkotaan.