Reproduksi Praktik Kerja Paksa sebagai Bentuk Perbudakan Modern pada Anak Buah Kapal di PPN Muara Angke

Muhammad Sidik Efendi, Dr. M. Falikul Isbah, G.D.Soc., M.A

2026 | Skripsi | Sosiologi

Penelitian ini mengkaji reproduksi praktik kerja paksa (forced labour) yang dialami Anak Buah Kapal (ABK) kapal penangkap cumi-cumi di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara (PPN) Muara Angke, Jakarta Utara. Kajian ini mengisi kesenjangan literatur perbudakan modern di sektor perikanan Indonesia yang selama ini didominasi oleh perhatian terhadap ABK migran di kapal asing, sementara ABK domestik di kapal cumi, sub-sektor dengan trip melaut hingga empat-lima bulan dan karakteristik operasional yang rentan eksploitasi, nyaris tidak menjadi subjek kajian akademik. Penelitian menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus, melibatkan 14 informan yang dipilih melalui purposive dan snowball sampling, terdiri atas ABK, kapten kapal, wakil kapten, Syahbandar PPN Muara Angke, Pemerintah Daerah DKI Jakarta, dan Greenpeace Indonesia. Data dianalisis melalui analisis tematik untuk memetakan mekanisme rekrutmen dan mengklasifikasikan bentuk-bentuk kerja paksa berdasarkan sebelas indikator International Labour Organization (ILO, 2025), kemudian dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan Teori Strukturasi Anthony Giddens (1984) untuk menjelaskan bagaimana praktik tersebut diproduksi dan direproduksi secara berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menemukan tiga jalur rekrutmen ABK, yaitu jaringan sosial, walk in, dan calo, dengan jalur calo yang paling rentan menghasilkan penipuan, jeratan utang, penahanan dokumen, kekerasan fisik, serta pemotongan upah yang saling mengunci satu sama lain. Analisis strukturasi mengungkap bahwa reproduksi kerja paksa berlangsung melalui interaksi tiga dimensi struktur, kekosongan normatif dalam regulasi rekrutmen dan pengupahan, asimetri sumber daya antara pemilik kapal dan ABK, serta konstruksi makna yang menormalisasi eksploitasi sebagai konsekuensi wajar pekerjaan laut, yang terus direproduksi melalui rutinitas dan kesadaran praktis seluruh aktor yang terlibat, mulai dari ABK, calo, nakhoda, hingga otoritas pelabuhan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa intervensi kebijakan yang efektif harus menyasar akar struktural yang menopang siklus reproduksi tersebut, bukan sekadar menindak pelaku individual yang mudah tergantikan.

This research examines the reproduction of forced labour practices experienced by fishing vessel crews (ABK) on squid-catching boats based at Muara Angke Archipelagic Fishing Port (PPN), North Jakarta. This study fills a gap in the modern slavery literature within Indonesia's fisheries sector, which has predominantly focused on migrant crews on foreign vessels, while domestic crews on squid boats, a sub-sector characterized by fishing trips lasting four to five months and operational features conducive to exploitation, have received almost no serious academic attention. This research employs a qualitative design using a case study method, involving 14 informants selected through purposive and snowball sampling, consisting of crew members, ship captains, chief engineers (deputy captains), the Harbourmaster of PPN Muara Angke, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government, and Greenpeace Indonesia. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis to map recruitment mechanisms and classify forms of forced labour based on the eleven indicators developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO, 2025), and were then further analyzed using Anthony Giddens's Structuration Theory (1984) to explain how such practices are produced and continuously reproduced. The findings identify three recruitment pathways for crew members, namely social networks, walk-in recruitment, and recruitment through brokers (calo), with the broker pathway proving most vulnerable, generating deception, debt bondage, document retention, physical violence, and wage deductions that mutually reinforce one another. Structurational analysis reveals that the reproduction of forced labour occurs through the interaction of three structural dimensions: normative voids in recruitment and wage regulation, resource asymmetry between vessel owners and crew members, and constructed meanings that normalize exploitation as a natural consequence of maritime work, all of which are continuously reproduced through the routines and practical consciousness of all actors involved, from crew members and brokers to captains and port authorities. This research concludes that effective policy interventions must target the structural roots sustaining this cycle of reproduction, rather than merely sanctioning individual, easily replaceable perpetrators.

Kata Kunci : perbudakan modern, kerja paksa, ABK, kapal cumi, Muara Angke