Evaluasi Efektivitas Jalur Distribusi Air Menggunakan Analisis Least Cost Path Untuk Mendukung Konservasi Air di Desa Jepitu, Kecamatan Girisubo, Gunungkidul

Yuliana Nugraheni, Ir. Muhammad Chrisna Satriagasa, S.Si., M.Sc., M.Ec.Dev., Ph.D.

2026 | Skripsi | KEHUTANAN

Kawasan karst Desa Jepitu, Girisubo, Gunungkidul, memiliki keterbatasan ketersediaan air permukaan meskipun menyimpan potensi air bawah tanah dari Gua Pulejajar. Pemanfaatan sumber air tersebut masih menghadapi kendala berupa jalur distribusi yang belum optimal serta perkembangan infrastruktur yang diikuti perubahan tutupan lahan berpotensi memengaruhi kondisi biofisik kawasan serta efektivitas jaringan distribusi air. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi jalur distribusi air eksisting dan alternatif hasil Least Cost Path (LCP), menganalisis perubahan tutupan lahan serta mengidentifikasi potensi implikasi pemilihan jalur terhadap perlindungan tutupan lahan dan pengelolaan sumber daya air.

Penelitian menggunakan analisis spasial berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis. Tutupan lahan diklasifikasikan dari citra Sentinel-2 menggunakan algoritma Random Forest. Jalur LCP disusun melalui weighted overlay parameter jarak dari jalan, tutupan lahan, kemiringan lereng, dan elevasi dalam skenario masyarakat dan konservasi. Enam jalur distribusi air eksisting dan empat jalur pengembangan menuju dusun dianalisis berdasarkan panjang, kondisi biofisik, aksesibilitas, dan potensi kehilangan air.

Selama periode 2017–2025, luas hutan berkurang 2,8 ha, semak belukar bertambah 10,3 ha, ladang berkurang 12,0 ha, lahan terbangun bertambah 7,5 ha, dan lahan terbuka berkurang 2,9 ha. Analisis LCP menghasilkan jalur yang lebih efisien dibandingkan jalur eksisting sepanjang 16.401 m, yaitu 14.877 m pada skenario masyarakat dan 15.140 m pada skenario konservasi. Selain itu, skenario konservasi mampu mengurangi lintasan pada kawasan hutan dari 2.182 m menjadi 1.110 m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat satu skenario yang paling optimal untuk seluruh jalur perlu mempertimbangkan keseimbangan antara efisiensi, aksesibilitas, dan perlindungan tutupan vegetasi sebagai dasar dalam perencanaan pengembangan jaringan distribusi air di kawasan karst.

The karst area of Jepitu Village, Girisubo, Gunungkidul, has limited surface water despite its groundwater potential from Pulejajar Cave. Water utilization is constrained by an inefficient distribution network, while infrastructure development accompanied by land cover change may affect the biophysical conditions of the area and the effectiveness of the water distribution system. This study evaluated existing and alternative water distribution routes using the Least Cost Path method, analyzed land cover changes, and assessed the implications of route selection for land cover protection and water resource management.

The study employed a Geographic Information Systems based spatial analysis. Land cover was classified from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery using the Random Forest algorithm. LCP routes were generated through a weighted overlay of four parameters: distance from roads, land cover, slope, and elevation under community and conservation scenarios. Existing and proposed distribution routes were evaluated based on route length, biophysical conditions, accessibility, and potential water loss.

From 2017 to 2025, forest, cropland, and open land decreased by 2.8 ha, 12.0 ha, and 2.9 ha, respectively, while shrubland and built-up land increased by 10.3 ha and 7.5 ha. Compared with the existing network (16,401 m), the community and conservation scenarios produced shorter routes of 14,877 m and 15,140 m, respectively. The conservation scenario also reduced forest crossings from 2,182 m to 1,110 m. These findings indicate that no single scenario is optimal for all routes. Therefore, route selection should balance operational efficiency, accessibility, and land cover protection to support sustainable water distribution planning in karst areas.

Kata Kunci : Least Cost Path, konservasi air, kawasan karst, jalur distribusi air; Least Cost Path, water conservation, karst area, water distribution network