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Simulasi Sistem Kendali Baterai Carnot Berbasis PID dan Deep Reinforcement Learning pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi

Bintang Putra Megantara, Prof. Ir. Nazrul Effendy, S.T., M.T., Ph.D., IPM., ASEAN Eng.; Dr. Sindu Daniarta, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2026 | Skripsi | FISIKA TEKNIK

Baterai Carnot (CB) menyimpan listrik sebagai kalor melalui pompa kalor dan mengembalikannya melalui siklus daya. Penelitian ini merancang dan mengoptimasi sistem kendali CB berbasis ORC penguapan parsial (PE-ORC) yang mengintegrasikan pompa kalor (HP), penyimpan energi termal (TES), dan PE-ORC, pada studi kasus panas buang PLTP Ulumbu. Sistem dimodelkan secara dinamik pada DWSIM dengan toluena sebagai fluida kerja HP, Dowtherm J sebagai media TES, dan R1234ZE(Z) sebagai fluida kerja PE-ORC.


Tiga kalang kendali dirancang, yaitu kalang temperatur pengisian (kalang 1), kalang kualitas uap (kalang 2), dan kalang temperatur masukan turbin (kalang 3). Penyetelan awal berbasis Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) dijadikan acuan, kemudian dioptimasi menggunakan Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) untuk struktur PI dan PID. Pada titik desain, sistem HP mencapai COP = 5,38 dan siklus PE-ORC menghasilkan efisiensi termal 0,1064, sehingga diperoleh RTE = 0,572 dengan waktu pengisian 136,74 jam dan pelepasan 46,09 jam.


Pada pengujian enam setpoint, kendali hasil DRL jauh lebih kukuh daripada ZN-PID yang gagal menetap. Aksi derivatif memperbaiki performa pada kalang temperatur (kalang 1 dan 3) namun netral pada kalang 2. PID-DRL optimal untuk kalang 1 (Kp = 0,0101; Ki = 0,0081; Kd = 0,0050; settling time 10,67 s; %OS = 0,27%) dan kalang 3 (Kp = 0,0942; Ki = 0,0524; Kd = 0,0507; settling time 12,17 s; %OS = 0,08%), sedangkan PI-DRL memadai untuk kalang 2 (Kp = 6,71; Ki = 7,69; settling time 6,00 s; %OS = 0,00%).

The Carnot Battery (CB) stores electricity as heat through a heat pump and returns it through a power cycle. This study designs and optimizes the control system of a partial-evaporation ORC (PE-ORC) based CB that integrates a heat pump (HP), thermal energy storage (TES), and PE-ORC, with the waste heat of the Ulumbu geothermal power plant as the case study. The system is dynamically modeled in DWSIM using toluene as the HP working fluid, Dowtherm J as the TES medium, and R1234ZE(Z) as the PE-ORC working fluid.


Three control loops are designed: the charging temperature loop (loop 1), the vapor quality loop (loop 2), and the turbine inlet temperature loop (loop 3). Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) tuning serves as the baseline, then optimized using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for the PI and PID structures. At the design point, the HP reaches COP = 5.38 and the PE-ORC yields a thermal efficiency of 0.1064, giving a round-trip efficiency RTE = 0.572, with charging and discharging times of 136.74 and 46.09 hours.


Across six setpoints, the DRL-tuned controllers are far more robust than ZN-PID, which fails to settle. Derivative action improves the temperature loops (1 and 3) but is neutral on loop 2. PID-DRL is optimal for loops 1 (Kp = 0.0101; Ki = 0.0081; Kd = 0.0050; settling time 10.67 s; %OS = 0.27%) and 3 (Kp = 0.0942; Ki = 0.0524; Kd = 0.0507; settling time 12.17 s; %OS = 0.08%), whereas PI-DRL suffices for loop 2 (Kp = 6.71; Ki = 7.69; settling time 6.00 s; %OS = 0.00%).

Kata Kunci : CB, HP, PE-ORC, ZN, DRL, PID

  1. S1-2026-500086-abstract.pdf  
  2. S1-2026-500086-bibliography.pdf  
  3. S1-2026-500086-tableofcontent.pdf  
  4. S1-2026-500086-title.pdf