Komposisi Spesies dan Karakteristik Vokalisasi Anura (Amphibia) di Kawasan Reklamasi Tambang Batu Bara PT Inhutani I, Kalimantan Timur

Jap. Marshella Devina Karunananda, Susilohadi, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D.; Mukhlisi, S.Si., M.Si.

2026 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI

Reklamasi area pascatambang batu bara dilakukan untuk mengembalikan kondisi lingkungan dan ekosistem agar dapat dimanfaatkan kembali. Sebagai organisme yang sensitif terhadap perubahan lingkungan, anura dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bioindikator untuk menilai kualitas habitat di area reklamasi. Akan tetapi, adanya tantangan dari segi biaya, waktu, hingga bias pengamat menunjukkan kebutuhan akan pendekatan alternatif yang lebih efektif dan efisien untuk mengukur biodiversitas, salah satunya dengan bioakustik. Koleksi data dilakukan selama 18 hari pada musim basah Maret–April 2025 dengan memasang alat SwiftOne Recorder dan GSP-6 data logger di blok suksesi vegetasi 2018–2019 serta hutan referensi terdekat dalam kawasan konsesi PT Inhutani I sebagai pembanding. Analisis data rekaman dilakukan melalui identifikasi spesies, pengukuran karakter akustik 50 call, dan perbandingan dengan hutan referensi. Data yang diperoleh divisualisasikan dalam tabel checklist dan distribusi peak frequency spesies anura di area reklamasi serta hutan referensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua spesies anura yang teridentifikasi di hutan reklamasi, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (peak frequency 1186,88 ± 58,72 Hz) dan Fejervarya limnocharis (peak frequency 1134,38 ± 197,02 Hz). Keduanya bertipe call nonharmonik dan diskrit. D. melanostictus aktif pada sore hingga dini hari (17.00–04.00), sedangkan F. limnocharis malam hingga siang (21.00–11.00) dengan deteksi yang lebih jarang. Di hutan referensi, tidak ada spesies yang teridentifikasi. Perbandingan hipotesis bioakustik serta keanekaragaman dan karakter akustik anura di hutan reklamasi dan referensi belum dapat diuji secara valid karena bias deteksi. Penelitian lanjutan disarankan untuk menstandarisasi metode perekaman, mengombinasikan metode survei visual, dan mendokumentasikan jarak rekam serta jumlah individu.

Reclamation of coal mining areas is carried out to restore environmental and ecosystem functions. As organisms with high sensitivity to environmental changes, anurans are good bioindicators to assess habitat quality in reclaimed areas. However, difficulties related to cost, time, and observer bias highlight the need for more effective and efficient alternative approaches in measuring biodiversity, one of which is bioacoustics. Data collection was conducted over 18 days during the wet season in March–April 2025 by installing SwiftOne Recorders and GSP-6 data loggers in the 2018–2019 vegetation succession blocks as well as the reference forest within the PT Inhutani I concession area for comparison. Analysis of the recorded data involved species identification, measurement of the acoustic characteristics of 50 calls, and comparison with the reference forest. The data obtained were visualized in a checklist table and as a distribution of peak frequencies of anuran species in the reclamation area and the reference forest. The results of the study showed that two anuran species were identified in the reclaimed forest, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (peak frequency 1186.88 ± 58.72 Hz) and Fejervarya limnocharis (peak frequency 1134.38 ± 197.02 Hz). Both species produce non-harmonic, discrete calls. D. melanostictus is active from late afternoon through early morning (5:00 PM–4:00 AM), while F. limnocharis is active from evening through midday (9:00 PM–11:00 AM), though it was detected less frequently. In the reference forest, no species were identified. A comparison of bioacoustic hypotheses, as well as the diversity and acoustic characteristics of anurans in the reclaimed and reference forests, could not yet be validated due to detection bias. Further research is recommended to standardize recording methods, combine methods with visual surveys, as well as document recording distances and the number of individuals.

Kata Kunci : bioakustik, monitoring biodiversitas, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), restorasi ekosistem, vokalisasi satwa liar