Adopsi Open-Source ERP Berbasis Klasterisasi Proses Bisnis Pada Industri Kecil Menengah (IKM) Manufaktur

Muhammad Zainuddin Fathoni, Prof. Ir. Anna Maria Sri Asih, S.T., M.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., IPU., ASEAN Eng.; Dr. Eng. Ir. Muhammad Arif Wibisono, S.T., M.T., IPM., ASEAN Eng.

2026 | Disertasi | DOKTOR TEKNIK INDUSTRI

Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM) di Indonesia menghadapi tantangan kompleks dalam pengelolaan proses bisnis, seperti adanya keragaman karakteristik proses produksi, adopsi teknologi yang masih rendah, serta perlunya digitalisasi. Diantara tanda perlunya digitalisasi di IKM, mulai dari proses administratif yang masih manual, kurangnya pengetahuan terhadap teknologi terbaru, pengelolaan keuangan yang masih belum baik, hingga terbatasnya sarana prasarana dan akses terhadap teknologi. Penerapan Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) dipandang sebagai salah satu solusi strategis untuk meningkatkan efisiensi operasional dan mendukung transformasi digital IKM agar mampu bersaing dengan industri lainnya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji adopsi ERP open-source berbasis klasterisasi proses bisnis, sehingga sistem ERP dapat disesuaikan dengan karakteristik dan kebutuhan IKM.

Penelitian ini menggabungkan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pada bagian kualitatif diawali dengan studi literatur terkait profil industri manufaktur dan penerapan ERP di IKM manufaktur agar memperoleh gap penelitian. Penelitian melibatkan tujuh obyek IKM, yaitu IKM produk dari kulit, kayu, percetakan, furnitur, textil, makanan dan logam metal yang dipilih secara acak. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi di lapangan, dan dokumentasi operasional. Dalam proses klasterisasi untuk mengidentifikasi pola kesamaan proses bisnis menggunakan representasi kode XML. Pada tahap perancangan sistem ERP meliputi penentuan server, pembuatan basis data, serta konfigurasi modul-modul utama yaitu penjualan, persediaan, produksi, pembelian, dan akuntansi. Pengujian sistem ERP menggunakan kuisioner yang diisi oleh responden pelaku IKM untuk memastikan bahwa fungsi sistem dapat berjalan sesuai dengan kebutuhan operasional IKM, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah use-case based testing. Pengukuran secara kuantitatif dilakukan melalui perbandingan aktivitas yang dilakukan secara manual dengan aktivitas yang didukung sistem ERP. Disamping itu, setelah melakukan percobaan, responden diberi kuisioner dengan konsep Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) untuk mengetahui tingkat penerimaan terhadap sistem ERP.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat tiga klaster utama sistem produksi, yaitu klaster produksi berbasis estimasi permintaan, klaster produksi berbasis pemesanan, dan klaster produksi berbasis proyek. Klaster-klaster tersebut terbentuk berdasarkan kesamaan alur proses bisnis yang melibatkan tiga pool utama, yakni supplier, internal perusahaan, serta customer. Pola interaksi antar pool tersebut berpengaruh terhadap tingkat kompleksitas proses bisnis dan menghasilkan perbedaan prosedur dalam implementasi ERP. Hasil implementasi menunjukkan bahwa sistem ERP Odoo tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai alat pencatatan transaksi, namun juga menjadi instrumen yang mendukung kolaborasi lintas fungsi, serta pengambilan keputusan berbasis data secara real-time. Evaluasi terhadap penggunaan sistem ERP melibatkan responden yang merupakan user dari tiap modul ERP. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan adanya efisiensi waktu pengerjaan sebesar 72,91%, peningkatan kualitas dalam hal mengurangi tingkat error sebesar 84,25%, dan efisiensi biaya sebesar 45,11%. Hasil pengukuran penggunaan ERP menunjukkan variabel memiliki nilai rata-rata total 4,14 yang berarti bahwa pengguna sangat setuju terkait manfaat dalam penggunaan sistem ERP dan mampu memahami cara penggunaannya. Sementara hasil pengukuran perilaku penggunaan ERP menunjukkan keseluruhan variabel memiliki nilai rata-rata total 3,44, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa pengguna cukup tertarik menggunakan ERP Odoo lebih lanjut. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi orisinal dalam pengembangan kajian manajemen proses bisnis sekaligus menawarkan kerangka ERP yang relevan, adaptif, dan berkelanjutan bagi IKM manufaktur dalam menghadapi tantangan transformasi digital.

Small and Medium Industries (SMIs) in Indonesia face complex challenges in managing their business processes, including the diversity of production characteristics, the relatively low level of technology adoption, and the increasing need for digitalization. Indicators of the need for digital transformation among SMIs include the continued reliance on manual administrative processes, limited knowledge of emerging technologies, inadequate financial management practices, and restricted infrastructure as well as limited access to technological resources. The implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is widely regarded as a strategic solution to improve operational efficiency and to support the digital transformation of SMIs, enabling them to remain competitive within increasingly dynamic industrial environments. Therefore, this study aims to examine the adoption of open-source ERP based on business process clustering, allowing ERP systems to be aligned with the specific characteristics and operational needs of SMIs.

This study integrates qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative phase begins with a literature review on the profile of the manufacturing industry and the implementation of ERP systems in manufacturing SMEs in order to identify research gaps. The study involves seven SME objects representing various sectors, including leather products, wood products, printing, furniture, textiles, food processing, and metal manufacturing, which were selected randomly. Data were collected through interviews, field observations, and operational documentation. In the clustering process, XML code representation was utilized to identify patterns of similarity in business processes. The ERP system design phase includes server configuration, database development, and the configuration of core modules such as sales, inventory, manufacturing, purchasing, and accounting. ERP system testing was conducted using questionnaires completed by SME practitioners to ensure that the system functions operate in accordance with the operational needs of SMEs, employing a use-case based testing approach. Quantitative measurement was carried out by comparing activities performed manually with those supported by the ERP system. In addition, after the system trial, respondents were given questionnaires based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework to assess the level of acceptance of the ERP system.

Research findings identify three primary production system clusters: demand-forecast-based production, order-based production, and project-based production. These clusters are defined by shared business process flows involving three key pools: suppliers, the internal organization, and customers. Interaction patterns among these pools influence business process complexity and dictate procedural differences in ERP implementation. Implementation results demonstrate that the Odoo ERP system functions not merely as a tool for recording transactions but also as an instrument facilitating cross-functional collaboration and real-time, data-driven decision-making. The evaluation of ERP system utilization involved respondents who were users of each respective ERP module. Evaluations of the ERP system reveal a 72.91% improvement in processing time efficiency, an 84.25% reduction in error rates (enhancing quality), and a 45.11% gain in cost efficiency. Measurements regarding ERP usage show an overall mean score of 4.14 across variables, indicating that users strongly agree on the system's benefits and are proficient in its operation. Meanwhile, measurements of usage behavior yield an overall mean score of 3.44, suggesting that users possess a moderate level of interest in the continued use of Odoo ERP. Thus, this study makes an original contribution to the field of business process management while offering a relevant, adaptive, and sustainable ERP framework to assist small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in navigating the challenges of digital transformation.

Kata Kunci : Industri Kecil Menengah, Klasterisasi, Enterprise Resource Planning, Software sumber terbuka, Adopsi.