Diplomasi Keamanan Manusia Jepang: Studi Kasus GGP di Merauke dan Palu

Yuichiro HAYASHIDA, Dody Wibowo, S.I.P., M.A., Ph.D

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan Nasional

Tesis ini mengkaji bagaimana kerentanan struktural di Indonesia dibaca dan direspons oleh diplomasi keamanan manusia Pemerintah Jepang melalui skema Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects (GGP). Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus interpretatif atas dua proyek: pengadaan alat kesehatan di Rumah Sakit Bunda Pengharapan, Merauke, Provinsi Papua Selatan (TA2021), dan rekonstruksi sekolah pascabencana di Nurul Islam Tawaeli, Palu, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah (TA2018). Analisis dibangun di atas tiga lensa kritis: perdamaian positif dan kekerasan struktural Galtung, kritik Paris terhadap konsep keamanan manusia, serta kritik Richmond dan Mosse terhadap praktik bantuan dan liberal peace. Data diperoleh dari wawancara lapangan dengan pihak penerima manfaat, dokumen kebijakan publik, dan rekonstruksi posisi resmi Pemerintah Jepang dari sumber terbuka, mengingat dokumen internal GGP tidak dapat diakses sebagai bahan penelitian. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa GGP secara konsisten membaca kerentanan struktural melalui kebutuhan fisik yang dapat diobjektifikasi dan diselesaikan dalam jangka waktu proyek, sementara akar kekerasan struktural — ketimpangan distribusi layanan, keterbatasan kapasitas pascabencana, dan dimensi gender — tetap berada di luar jangkauannya. Di Merauke, definisi kebutuhan donor dan penerima berhimpit, sedangkan di Palu keduanya tidak sepenuhnya sejalan, memperlihatkan bahwa selektivitas donor tidak selalu berarti pengabaian kebutuhan penerima. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman bahwa instrumen bantuan akar rumput seperti GGP berfungsi meredakan gejala kerentanan struktural tanpa mengubah struktur yang mendasarinya, sekaligus mengangkat distinksi antara kerentanan struktural kronis dan akut sebagai penghalusan konseptual atas teori kekerasan struktural Galtung.

This thesis examines how structural vulnerability in Indonesia is read and responded to by the Government of Japan's human security diplomacy through the Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects (GGP) scheme. Using an interpretive case study approach, the research examines two projects: the procurement of medical equipment at Bunda Pengharapan Hospital in Merauke, South Papua Province (FY2021), and the post-disaster reconstruction of a school at Nurul Islam Tawaeli in Palu, Central Sulawesi Province (FY2018). The analysis draws on three critical lenses: Galtung's positive peace and structural violence, Paris's critique of the human security concept, and Richmond's and Mosse's critiques of aid practice and liberal peace. Data were gathered through field interviews with project beneficiaries, public policy documents, and a reconstruction of the Japanese government's official position from open sources, since internal GGP documents could not be accessed for this research. The findings show that GGP consistently reads structural vulnerability through physical needs that can be objectified and resolved within a project's timeframe, while the roots of structural violence — unequal distribution of services, post-disaster capacity gaps, and gender dimensions — remain beyond its reach. In Merauke, donor and recipient definitions of need converged, whereas in Palu they did not fully align, showing that donor selectivity does not always mean recipient needs are disregarded. The thesis contributes to understanding grassroots aid instruments such as GGP as relieving the symptoms of structural vulnerability without altering the structures that produce it, while also proposing a distinction between chronic and acute structural vulnerability as a conceptual refinement of Galtung's theory of structural violence.

Kata Kunci : Keamanan manusia, kekerasan struktural, diplomasi Jepang, GGP, kerentanan struktural