Peran Budaya Strategis dan Sub-Kultur Strategis dalam Pembentukan Kebijakan Energi Migas Norwegia

Fauzan Raihan Amru, Dr. Maharani Hapsari, M.A.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Kebijakan energi migas Norwegia memiliki keunikan yang paradoksal melalui klaim dirinya sebagai ’pionir lingkungan’ dan secara bersamaan menjadi produsen migas kuat di Eropa. Paradoks tersebut menuntut pendekatan yang tidak sepenuhnya dapat dijelaskan melalui pendekatan mainstream Ilmu Hubungan Internasional seperti pendekatan Realisme dan Neoliberalisme. Pendekatan dengan perhatian terhadap dinamika ideasional domestik menjadi penting dalam menguak fondasi logika di balik arah kebijakan tersebut. Melalui paradigma Konstruktivisme dan teori budaya strategis, khususnya generasi keempat melalui kontestasi sub-kultur, menjadi penting dalam melihat faktor ideasional di balik kebijakan energi migas Norwegia. Dalam penelitian ini setidaknya dapat mengidentifikasi tiga penemuan penting. Pertama, industri migas sejak ditemukan pada tahun 1971 menjadi elemen krusial yang sistemik bagi identitas budaya strategis Norwegia. Hal tersebut terbukti melalui pembentukkan serangkaian kebijakan berorientasi pada migas seperti pembentukkan Statoil dan SPU. Kedua, setidaknya terdapat tiga sub-kultur budaya strategis yang saling berkontestasi di lingkup kebijakan migas meliputi sub-kultur Sosio-demokratis yang dominan, Neoliberalis yang subordinat, dan Environmentalis yang marginal. Ketiga bentuk sub-kultur tersebut akan terus berkontestasi terkait arah kebijakan energi migas baik bagi ide tertentu yang merasa diuntungkan maupun dirugikan melalui industri migas. Kontestasi yang berkembang turut menghasilkan pola integrasi nilai pragmatis antara sub-kultur Sosio-demokratis dan Neoliberalis karena keselarasan kepentingan atas peran migas dalam menyokong sistem welfare state dan ekonomi nasional. Ketiga, dominasi budaya strategis yang pragmatik melalui integrasi nilai Sosio-demokratis dan Neoliberalis dapat direfleksikan melalui relasi energi Norwegia-EU yang menekankan pentingnya industri migas mesikipun terdapat tekanan atas perhatian lingkungan. Selain itu juga dapat dilihat melalui proyeksi kebijakan transisi energi domestik Norwegia yang cenderung tetap mempertahankan industri migas. Penelitian ini juga diproyeksikan dapat memperkaya diskursus teori budaya strategis melalui relevansinya terhadap konteks ranah non-keamanan dengan penjelasan paradoks kebijakan energi Norwegia. 

Norwegian oil and gas policy has a unique paradoxical pattern through its claim as a ’climate pioneer’ and on the other hand being a strong oil and gas producer in Europe. Its paradoxical pattern demands an approach that is not able to be fully explained through International Relations mainstream thoughts such as Realism and Neoliberalism. An approach with emphasizes on domestic ideational dynamics is important to explain logical foundation within Norwegian policy direction. Through Constructivism paradigm and strategic culture theory, especially through fourth generation and sub-cultures contestation, become important in explaining ideational factor behind Norwegian oil and gas policy. Through this research, there is at least three important findings. Firstly, oil and gas industry becomes a crucial systemic element for Norwegian strategic culture identity since its discovery in 1971. It can be seen through various policies that are oriented in oil and gas in mind such as formation of Statoil and SPU. Secondly, there are at least three competing strategic sub-cultures in oil and gas policy-making environment such as Socio-democratic being a dominant sub-culture, Neoliberalist as subordinate, and Environmentalist as marginal. Those sub-cultures will keep contesting on oil and gas policy direction either for the benefit or to undermine for certain sub-cultures involved. The developing contestation also produces an integration of idea between Socio-democratic and Neoliberalist sub-cultures that resulted in pragmatic approach due to its converging interest on the role of oil and gas to support welfare system and national economy. Thirdly, strategic culture domination through pragmatic thought as a result from Socio-democratic and Neoliberalist value integration can be reflected through Norwegian relations with EU that emphasizes the importance of oil and gas industry despite pressure of environmental concerns. Aside that, it can also be seen through its projection of Norwegian energy transition policy that still defends oil and gas industry. This research is also projected to enrich strategic culture theory discourse through its relevancy beyond security study through its explanation on Norwegian energy policy paradox.

Kata Kunci : Budaya Strategis, Sub-kultur, Kebijakan Energi Migas, Norwegia, Konstruktivisme, Faktor Ideasional, Paradoks Energi.