Relasi Kuasa dalam Kerja Sama Transisi Energi Global: Analisis Neo-Gramscian terhadap Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) Indonesia

Muhammad Adel Aditya Abdullah, Dr. Maharani Hapsari, M.A.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Transisi energi global membuka dinamika kekuasaan baru atas sistem energi dunia. Di tengah melemahnya sistem energi fosil yang selama ini menghidupi negara maju, kekuasaannya atas sistem energi terbarukan juga belum cukup kuat. Sementara transisi energi membuka peluang baru bagi negara-negara berkembang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana relasi kuasa negara maju terhadap negara berkembang dipertahankan di tengah berlangsungnya transisi energi global. Kerja sama internasional untuk transisi energi, spesifiknya Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) antara Indonesia dan negara-negara maju yang mayoritasnya berasal dari kelompok G7 dipilih sebagai studi kasus. Guna memahami bagaimana kekuasaan bekerja serta kontestasinya di dalam kerja sama tersebut, kerangka konseptual hegemoni, war of manoeuvre dan war of position dari perspektif Neo-Gramscian digunakan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan JETP beroperasi sebagai proyek hegemonik baru negara maju. Kekuasaan bekerja melalui skema pendanaan berbasis pinjaman yang menciptakan ketergantungan finansial, perwakilan institusional yang menormalisasi standar neoliberal dalam tata kelola proyek, dan penggunaan narasi saintifik yang melegitimasi ide transisi energi versi negara maju. Meski Indonesia menunjukkan resistensi melalui penguatan kepemimpinan dalam mobilisasi pendanaan, merestrukturisasi tata kelola institusinya, dan mememiliki idenya sendiri atas transisi energi, batasan-batasan struktural masih dihadapi. Resistensi tersebut belum mampu menggugat arsitektur hegemoninya secara mendasar.

The global energy transition is reshaping power dynamics over the world's energy system. As the fossil fuel-based energy system that has long sustained developed nations weakens, their grip over the renewable energy sector remains insufficient, while the energy transition opens new opportunities for developing nations. This study aims to analyze how power relations between developed and developing nations are maintained amid the ongoing global energy transition. International cooperation for energy transition, specifically the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) between Indonesia and developed nations, most of which are G7 members, was selected as a case study. To understand how power operates and is contested within this cooperation, the conceptual framework of hegemony, war of manoeuvre, and war of position from a Neo-Gramscian perspective was employed. The analysis reveals that JETP operates as a new hegemonic project of developed nations. Power works through loan-based financing schemes that create financial dependency, institutional representation that normalizes neoliberal standards in project governance, and the use of scientific narratives that legitimize the developed nations' version of energy transition. Although Indonesia has shown resistance by strengthening its leadership in mobilizing funding, restructuring its institutional governance, and advancing its own conception of energy transition, structural constraints remain. This resistance has not yet been able to fundamentally challenge the underlying architecture of hegemony.

Kata Kunci : transisi energi, relasi kuasa, JETP Indonesia, transisi berkeadilan, hegemoni