Human -Elephant Conflict: Analisis Strategi Penghidupan Masyarakat Desa Penyangga Dengan Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Di TN Way Kambas
Ummu Anityaningrum, Dr. Erda Rindrasih, S.Si., MURP.
2026 | Tesis | S2 Administrasi Publik
This study examines the livelihood strategies adopted by communities living in the buffer villages surrounding Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) in response to Human–Elephant Conflict (HEC) and the resulting livelihood outcomes using the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA). A qualitative comparative case study was conducted in three buffer villages—Labuhan Ratu IX, Labuhan Ratu VII, and Braja Asri. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 36 informants, participant observation, and document analysis between November 2025 and January 2026.
The findings show that communities across the three villages developed five broadly similar layers of livelihood strategies: defensive farming practices, the use of physical mitigation measures, collective guarding supported by GPS collar information, management of savings and loans, and diversification into non-farm income sources. However, these similar strategies produced markedly different livelihood outcomes. Labuhan Ratu VII achieved a Transformative Adapting trajectory, Labuhan Ratu IX remained within the Adapting to Coping categories, while Braja Asri was dominated by Coping and Declining-Trapped trajectories. These differences were shaped not by the quantity of livelihood assets owned by households but by three structural conditions that determined their strategic latitude: agroecological suitability, the quality of local economic institutions, and formal legal recognition of buffer village status under Government Regulation No. 28 of 2011, as amended by Government Regulation No. 108 of 2015. The absence of formal recognition has systematically limited communities' access to development programs, compensation mechanisms, and participation in protected area governance. The study further reveals that seemingly successful livelihood achievements remain fragile when built on external program dependency: the expiry of IRI's cooperation agreement caused KTH income in Labuhan Ratu VII to fall by more than 90 percent, demonstrating that donor reliance without local institutional autonomy creates a hidden conservation-poverty trap. Theoretically, this study challenges Chambers and Conway's (1992) sustainability definition and proposes two additional dimensions for SLA: institutional dependency and structural stress threshold. This study introduces strategic latitude as an analytical extension to the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach in the context of Human–Elephant Conflict and recommends strengthening legal recognition, local economic institutions, and agroecology-based livelihood diversification as key prerequisites for achieving sustainable human–elephant coexistence.
Kata Kunci : Human–Elephant Conflict (HEC); Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA); Livelihood Strategies; Vulnerability; Livelihood Outcomes; Strategic Latitude; buffer Villages.