Rekonseptualisasi Non-Conviction Based (NCB) Asset Forfeiture Berperspektif Victim-Oriented Dalam Pemulihan Kerugian Ekonomi Korban Penipuan Investasi

Sukma Hadi Wijaya, Dr. Muhammad Fatahillah Akbar, S.H., LL.M.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Hukum

Paradigma keadilan restoratif telah menempatkan kedudukan korban sebagai perhatian utama dalam kerangka hukum yang berorientasi pada kepentingan korban (victim-oriented). Sayangnya, mekanisme NCB Asset Forfeiture pada RUU Perampasan Aset masih kurang memadai aspek rekognisi kedudukan dan kepentingan korban. Penelitian tesis ini meletakkan tujuan untuk menganalisis landasan filosofis, yuridis, dan sosiologis serta mengajukan gagasan preskriptif berkaitan dengan rekonseptualisasi pengaturan NCB Asset Forfeiture berperspektif victim oriented sebagai kerangka hukum pemulihan kerugian ekonomi korban penipuan di bidang investasi.

Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif atau doktrinal. Analisis penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan pendekatan statuta, kasus, komparatif, dan konseptual dengan melihat arah politik hukum dalam formulasi peraturan perundang-undangan.

Tesis ini menghasilkan dua kesimpulan, Pertama, rekonseptualisasi pengaturan NCB Asset Forfeiture yang berperspektif victim-oriented urgen untuk diterapkan sebagai kerangka pemulihan kerugian ekonomi korban penipuan investasi. Secara filosofis, konsep ini selaras dengan nilai keadilan sosial Pancasila dan perlindungan hak milik (property rights) konstitusional. Secara yuridis dan sosiologis, regulasi eksisting dan praktik peradilan saat ini dinilai tidak efisien, serta bias terhadap kepentingan negara (state-oriented) tanpa rekognisi memadai terhadap korban sebagai subjek hukum. Kedua, model rekonseptualisasi pengaturan NCB Asset Forfeiture berperspektif victim-oriented bertumpu pada beberapa konsep berikut, (1) parameter penerapan NCB Asset Forfeiture berperspektif victim-oriented, sebagai “complementary” penuntutan pidan, diterapkan dalam hal penuntutan pidana “unavailable” maupun “unsuccessful”, serta keterkaitan sistem paralel terhadap proses peradilan pidana; (2) penentuan objek sita yang jelas; (3) penerapan sistem sita aset pengganti berbasis nilai (value-based confiscation); (4) penyitaan berbasis penghitungan kerugian ekonomi korban (assessment-based); (5) rekognisi penuh hak prosedural korban untuk mengajukan klaim dan menerima aset; serta (6) fleksibilitas model pelaksanaan hukum yang dapat diterapkan secara pra-penuntutan, paralel dengan sidang pidana, maupun pasca-putusan pidana.

The restorative justice paradigm has placed the status of victims at the forefront within a victim-oriented legal framework. Unfortunately, the NCB Asset Forfeiture mechanism in the Draft Law on Criminal Asset Forfeiture remains inadequate in terms of recognizing the status and interests of victims. This thesis aims to identify and analyze the philosophical, legal, and sociological foundations and to propose prescriptive ideas regarding the reconceptualization of the NCB Asset Forfeiture regulations from a victim-oriented perspective as a legal framework for the recovery of economic losses suffered by victims of investment fraud.

This thesis employs a doctrinal legal research method, which yields new arguments, theories, or concepts as prescriptions. The analysis in this study is conducted qualitatively using statutory, case-law, comparative, and conceptual approaches, with a focus on the direction of legal policy in the formulation of legislation.

This thesis reaches two conclusions. First, it is urgent to implement a reconceptualization of the NCB Asset Forfeiture framework from a victim-oriented perspective as a means of recovering economic losses suffered by victims of investment fraud. Philosophically, this concept aligns with the Pancasila values of social justice and the protection of constitutional property rights. From a legal and sociological perspective, existing regulations and current judicial practices are deemed inefficient and biased toward the interests of the state (state-oriented), without adequate recognition of victims as legal subjects. Second, the model for reconceptualizing the regulation of NCB Asset Forfeiture from a victim-oriented perspective, based on the following concepts: (1) the parameters for applying NCB Asset Forfeiture from a victim-oriented perspective —as a “complement” to criminal prosecution—applied in cases where criminal prosecution is “unavailable” or “unsuccessful,” as well as the establishment of a parallel system to the criminal justice; (2) clear determination of the assets subject to seizure; (3) implementation of a value-based asset forfeiture system; (4) confiscation based on an assessment of the victim’s economic losses; (5) full recognition of the victim’s procedural rights to file a claim and receive assets; and (6) flexibility in the legal implementation model, which can be applied prior to prosecution, in parallel with criminal proceedings, or following a criminal conviction.

Kata Kunci : NCB Asset Forfeiture, Victim-Oriented, Pemulihan Korban, Kerugian Ekonomi, Perampasan Aset