Diagnosis Klinis dan Laboratoris, Vaksinasi, Serta Strategi Kebijakan Pengendalian dan Penanggulangan Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku Di Indonesia

Vembriarto Jati Pramono, Prof. Dr. drh. Soedarmanto Indarjulianto; Dr. drh. Nuryani Zainuddin, M.Si.; dan Dr. drh. Yanuartono, M.P.

2026 | Disertasi | S3 Sain Veteriner

Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku (PMK) kembali mewabah di Indonesia sejak April 2022 setelah lebih dari empat dekade berstatus bebas, wabah tersebut menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi dan mengancam ketahanan peternakan nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis wabah PMK secara terintegrasi, mulai dari dimensi diagnostik terapeutik, capaian vaksinasi nasional, hingga strategi kebijakan, serta merekonstruksinya menjadi kerangka investasi yang adaptif. Data primer dihimpun dari iSIKHNAS periode April 2022–April 2026 dan dianalisis secara deskriptif-spasiotemporal, disandingkan dengan hasil Post Vaccination Monitoring (PVM) serta dokumen perencanaan dan penganggaran resmi; struktur kebijakan dimodelkan menggunakan Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM). Hasil menunjukkan 94.554 kasus yang dilaporkan pada 28 provinsi dengan 874.715 hewan terdampak dan Case Fatality Rate 1,65%. Dinamika wabah bersifat bifasik dengan puncak Juni 2022 dan gelombang kedua yang jauh lebih kecil pada Januari 2025, terkonsentrasi di Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Jawa Barat. Terapi bersifat suportif simtomatik karena ketiadaan antivirus spesifik. Program vaksinasi (lebih dari 30,9 juta dosis vaksin inaktif serotipe O) menekan beban kasus, namun temuan antibodi NSP pada PVM menandakan virus lapangan masih bersirkulasi dan kekebalan kelompok dapat menurun seiring dengan penurunan cakupan vaksinasi. Analisis ISM menempatkan anggaran dan penguatan layanan veteriner sebagai penggerak utama sistem. Penelitian ini menghasilkan Adaptive Public Investment Framework (APIF) yang menautkan investasi publik, evidence generation, dan policy learning sebagai kebaruan utama, sekaligus memosisikan Indonesia dalam Progressive Control Pathway (PCP-FMD) menuju target Indonesia Bebas PMK 2035.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) re-emerged in Indonesia in April 2022 after more than four decades of FMD-free status, causing substantial economic losses and threatening national livestock resilience. This study aims to analyze the FMD outbreak in an integrated manner, encompassing the diagnostic-therapeutic dimension, national vaccination achievements, and policy strategy, and to reconstruct these findings into an adaptive investment framework. Primary data were compiled from iSIKHNAS covering the period April 2022–April 2026 and analyzed descriptively using a spatiotemporal approach, cross-referenced with Post-Vaccination Monitoring (PVM) results and official planning and budgeting documents; the policy structure was modeled using Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM). The results show 94,554 reported cases across 28 provinces, with 874,715 animals affected and a Case Fatality Rate of 1.65%. The outbreak dynamics were biphasic, with a peak in June 2022 and a considerably smaller second wave in January 2025, concentrated in East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and West Java. Treatment was supportive and symptomatic, given the absence of a specific antiviral agent. The vaccination program (more than 30.9 million doses of inactivated serotype O vaccine) reduced the case burden; however, the detection of NSP antibodies in PVM indicates that field virus continues to circulate, and herd immunity may decline as vaccination coverage decreases. ISM analysis identified budget allocation and the strengthening of veterinary services as the primary drivers of the system. This study produces an Adaptive Public Investment Framework (APIF) that links public investment, evidence generation, and policy learning as its principal novelty, while positioning Indonesia within the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) toward the target of an FMD-free Indonesia by 2035.

Kata Kunci : APIF, iSIKHNAS, ISM, PMK, dan vaksinasi