REHABILITASI SOSIAL INTEGRATIF UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN KAPABILITAS PENYANDANG DISABILITAS: STUDI EVALUASI PADA SENTRA KREASI ATENSI

Nia Sunatun Saniyah, Nurhadi, S.Sos., M.Si., Ph.D.

2026 | Tesis | S2 PEMBANGUNAN SOSIAL DAN KESEJAHTERAAN

Rehabilitasi sosial bagi penyandang disabilitas di Indonesia masih didominasi oleh pendekatan protektif yang menekankan pemulihan psikososial dan pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar, sementara dimensi produktif belum terintegrasi secara utuh dalam satu kerangka pelayanan. Kebijakan Asistensi Rehabilitasi Sosial (ATENSI) melalui Sentra Kreasi ATENSI (SKA) dikembangkan untuk memadukan fungsi protektif dan produktif melalui pelatihan vokasional, kewirausahaan, dan inkubasi usaha bagi penyandang disabilitas. Namun, evaluasi program SKA selama ini masih berfokus pada output pelatihan dan belum banyak mengkaji proses pendampingan, mekanisme terminasi, serta pengaruhnya terhadap kapabilitas dan keberfungsian sosial penerima manfaat secara mendalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk integrasi rehabilitasi sosial protektif dan produktif dalam program SKA serta menganalisis pengaruhnya terhadap pengembangan kapabilitas dan keberfungsian sosial penerima manfaat penyandang disabilitas. Analisis penelitian menggunakan model evaluasi CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product)  yang dipadukan dengan pendekatan kapabilitas (capability approach) dari Amartya Sen dan Ingrid Robeyns serta konsep keberfungsian sosial dalam pekerjaan sosial.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi multi kasus pada dua lokasi, yaitu SKA eRCe Surakarta dan SKA Kartini Temanggung. Informan dipilih secara purposive, terdiri atas pengelola, pendamping, pekerja sosial, penerima manfaat, dan alumni dari klaster disabilitas fisik, intelektual, serta sensorik netra/rungu wicara. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi non-partisipan, dan studi dokumentasi, yang divalidasi melalui triangulasi sumber, teknik, dan waktu, serta dianalisis melalui reduksi data, kategorisasi, penyajian data, analisis lintas kasus, dan penarikan kesimpulan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SKA terbukti efektif menjalankan dimensi protektif dan produktif secara simultan sebagai media pemulihan psikososial melalui kewirausahaan, meskipun implementasinya masih diwarnai hambatan prosedural seperti mekanisme rujukan yang belum terstandardisasi dan ketiadaan pekerja sosial profesional, sehingga keberhasilan program cenderung diukur dari indikator administratif ketimbang capaian substantif kemandirian. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap diferensiasi output kemandirian antar klaster disabilitas: penyandang disabilitas fisik cenderung mampu bertransisi menuju usaha mandiri dan akumulasi aset, sementara penyandang disabilitas intelektual dan rungu wicara baru mencapai tahap pemulihan psikososial dan penghasilan dasar sebagai pekerja tetap. Diferensiasi tersebut dijelaskan melalui perbedaan conversion factor dan human agency antar klaster, sehingga SKA berfungsi sebagai ruang konversi hambatan disabilitas menjadi kapabilitas dan keberfungsian sosial secara nyata, meskipun keberhasilannya masih bersifat berjenjang dan belum ditopang penguatan sistem kebijakan yang utuh.

Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, penelitian ini merekomendasikan beberapa langkah strategis pada tingkat kebijakan dan implementasi program. Kementerian Sosial perlu menyusun indikator keberfungsian sosial dan kemandirian ekonomi yang terdiferensiasi sesuai klaster disabilitas, membangun mekanisme pendanaan berkelanjutan paska rintisan, mengembangkan sistem pelacakan alumni (tracer study) secara nasional, serta memperkuat kembali peran pekerja sosial profesional dan standardisasi kontrak kerja/magang. Pada tingkat pengelola SKA, disarankan penyusunan indikator keberhasilan substantif, pengembangan model terminasi yang terdiferensiasi antarklaster, penguatan kemitraan dengan sektor swasta, serta pendokumentasian praktik baik pendampingan. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan melakukan tracer study longitudinal, memperluas lokus penelitian ke SKA lain, mengembangkan instrumen pengukuran kapabilitas yang lebih terstandardisasi, serta mengkaji lebih dalam pengalaman klaster disabilitas sensorik yang representasinya masih terbatas dalam penelitian ini.

Social rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities in Indonesia have largely been dominated by a protective approach emphasizing psychosocial recovery and the fulfillment of basic needs, while the productive dimension has not yet been fully integrated into a single service framework. The Social Rehabilitation Assistance (ATENSI) policy, implemented through the ATENSI Creative Center (Sentra Kreasi ATENSI/SKA), was developed to combine protective and productive functions through vocational training, entrepreneurship, and business incubation for persons with disabilities. However, evaluations of the SKA program have so far focused mainly on training outputs and have not extensively examined the mentoring process, termination mechanisms, or their influence on beneficiaries' capabilities and social functioning. This study aims to describe the form of integration between protective and productive social rehabilitation within the SKA program and to analyze its influence on the development of capabilities and social functioning among beneficiaries with disabilities. The analysis draws on the CIPP evaluation model (Context, Input, Process, Product), combined with the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen and Ingrid Robeyns, and the concept of social functioning in social work.

This study employs a qualitative approach with a multiple case study design across two research sites, namely SKA eRCe Surakarta and SKA Kartini Temanggung. Informants were selected purposively, comprising program managers, companions, social workers, beneficiaries, and alumni from clusters of physical, intellectual, and sensory (blind/deaf-mute) disabilities. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation study, validated through source, method, and time triangulation, and analyzed through data reduction, categorization, data display, cross-case analysis, and conclusion drawing.

The findings show that SKA effectively carries out its protective and productive dimensions simultaneously as a medium for psychosocial recovery through entrepreneurship, although implementation is still marked by procedural obstacles such as unstandardized referral mechanisms and the absence of professional social workers, causing program success to be measured more by administrative indicators than by substantive achievements of independence. The study also reveals a differentiation in independence outcomes across disability clusters: persons with physical disabilities tend to be able to transition toward independent businesses and asset accumulation, while persons with intellectual and deaf-mute disabilities have only reached the stage of psychosocial recovery and basic income as permanent workers. This differentiation is explained by differences in conversion factors and human agency across clusters, positioning SKA as a space that converts disability barriers into real capabilities and social functioning, though its success remains graduated and has not yet been supported by a fully integrated policy system.

Based on these findings, the study recommends several strategic steps at the policy and program implementation levels. The Ministry of Social Affairs needs to develop differentiated indicators of social functioning and economic independence tailored to each disability cluster, establish sustainable post-pioneering funding mechanisms, develop a nationwide alumni tracer study system, and strengthen the role of professional social workers along with standardized work/apprenticeship contracts. At the SKA management level, it is recommended that substantive success indicators be developed, differentiated termination models designed for each cluster, partnerships with the private sector strengthened, and good mentoring practices systematically documented. Future research is encouraged to conduct longitudinal tracer studies, expand the research locus to other SKAs, develop more standardized instruments for measuring capability, and further examine the experiences of sensory disability clusters, whose representation remains limited in this study.

Kata Kunci : rehabilitasi sosial integratif, pendekatan kapabilitas, keberfungsian sosial, disabilitas, evaluasi CIPP