Analisis Kegagalan dan Prediksi Umur Sisa Lower Waterwall Tube Boiler PLTU Unit 3 Ditinjau dari Karakteristik Material dan Kondisi Operasional Sistem Boiler
SEPTIAN SURYA DANI, Dr.Eng.Ir. Priyo Tri Iswanto, S.T., M.Eng., IPM
2026 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Mesin
Metode
penelitian dilakukan melalui analisis karakteristik material dan kondisi
operasi aktual boiler. Material menggunakan potongan tube boiler yang
sejajar dengan burner dan mengalami kebocoran. Pengujian yang dilakukan
meliputi inspeksi visual, pengukuran dimensi dan ketebalan tube, analisis
komposisi kimia, pengujian kekerasan Vickers, uji tarik, serta pengamatan
metalografi untuk mengevaluasi perubahan mikrostruktur material. Selain itu,
dilakukan pengujian creep rupture dipercepat pada temperatur 500 hingga 700 derajat celcius untuk memperoleh parameter ketahanan material terhadap mekanisme creep.
Hasil pengujian material kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan Larson Miller
Parameter (LMP) dan dikombinasikan dengan perhitungan tegangan lingkar (hoop
stress) berdasarkan tekanan dan temperatur operasi aktual untuk menentukan
estimasi umur sisa tube.
Kegagalan yang terjadi berupa longitudinal
rupture dengan mode kegagalan creep damage akibat longterm
overheating, yang ditunjukkan oleh deformasi bulging, penurunan
ketebalan, penurunan sifat mekanik, degradasi pearlite, spheroidization,
serta indikasi pembentukan void/cavity. Pada area kerusakan terjadi
peningkatan radius maksimum sebesar 19,68 persen, penurunan ketebalan dari 8,38 mm
menjadi 6,50 mm, disertai penurunan nilai kekuatan tarik maksimum (UTS) sebesar
352,50 MPa dan kekuatan luluh (YS) sebesar 217,44 MPa. Hasil uji material
sesuai dengan standar JIS STB 42. Hasil evaluasi RLA menggunakan metode LMP dan
hoop stress menunjukkan estimasi umur sisa lower waterwall tube
sebesar 0,66 tahun pada temperatur evaluasi 500 derajat celcius. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut,
rekomendasi yang diberikan meliputi pemantauan kondisi waterwall tube melalui
thickness mapping, evaluasi deformasi bulging, inspeksi
metalografi berkala, serta prioritas penggantian tube yang telah mengalami
degradasi lanjut.
The
boiler of PLTU Unit 3 has been in operation for more than 38 years, with an
operational shift from base load to start stop mode in accordance with
electricity grid requirements. This operational pattern increases thermal
cycling on boiler components, which can accelerate material degradation due to
prolonged exposure to high temperatures. Flue gas-side disturbances resulting
from reduced air preheater performance lead to nonuniform heat distribution,
increasing the potential for local overheating on the waterwall tube. One
observed failure on the waterwall tube is characterized by a longitudinal crack
and bulging deformation on the fire side. The study aims to analyze the
dominant failure mode and mechanism, as well as to evaluate the remaining life
of the lower waterwall tube using a Remaining Life Assessment (RLA) approach.
The
investigation was carried out through analysis of material characteristics and
actual boiler operating conditions. Test specimens were taken from waterwall
tubes aligned with the burner that exhibited leakage. The experimental
procedures included visual inspection, dimensional and wall thickness
measurements, chemical composition analysis, Vickers hardness testing, tensile
testing, and metallographic observation to evaluate microstructural changes.
Accelerated creep rupture tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 500 to 700 degrees celcius to
obtain material resistance parameters against creep. Material test results were
analyzed using the Larson Miller Parameter (LMP) approach and integrated with
hoop stress calculations based on actual operating pressures and temperatures
to estimate the remaining service life of the tube.
The failure in the lower waterwall tube was a
longitudinal rupture, driven by creep damage from longterm thermal exposure,
indicated by bulging deformation, wall thinning, reduced mechanical properties,
pearlite spheroidization, and intergranular void formation in the affected
area, the maximum radius increased by 19.68 percent, wall thickness decreased from
8.38 mm to 6.50 mm, UTS dropped to 352.50 MPa, and YS to 217.44 MPa, with
chemical composition remaining within JIS STB 42 standards, confirming failure was
not due to material nonconformity RLA using Larson Miller Parameter (LMP)
combined with hoop stress estimated a remaining life of 0.66 years at 500 degrees celcius,
and recommended actions include thickness mapping, bulging evaluation, periodic
metallographic inspection, and prioritization of tube replacement in areas
showing advanced degradation.
Kata Kunci : Waterwall tube, Overheating, creep, Larson Miller Parameter, Hoop Stress, Remaining Life Assessment.