Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (MSDM) dalam Pengelolaan Segmentasi Pasar Kerja Guru di Kota Yogyakarta

Nada Nafira Almanzani, Ely Susanto, S.IP., MBA., Ph.D.

2026 | Tesis | MAGISTER MANAJEMEN DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

Reformasi birokrasi penataan status kepegawaian tenaga non-ASN belum sepenuhnya rampung, mengingat guru non-ASN masih menjadi bagian dari penyelenggaraan sistem pendidikan. Guru non-ASN memiliki tugas dan beban kerja yang relatif serupa dengan guru ASN, namun mereka kerap mengalami diskriminasi dan belum mendapat dukungan institusional yang sebanding. Situasi ini secara simultan membentuk segmentasi dalam pasar kerja guru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran praktik Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (MSDM) dalam mengelola segmentasi pasar kerja guru di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan analisis dokumen. Informan penelitian meliputi Dinas Pendidikan Pemuda dan Olahraga Kota Yogyakarta, kepala sekolah, guru ASN, dan guru non-ASN pada SMP Negeri di Kota Yogyakarta. Analisis data dilakukan secara tematik menggunakan perangkat lunak NVivo.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasar kerja guru terbagi menjadi beberapa segmen, sebagaimana asumsi kunci Dual Labour Market Theory. Segmen pasar kerja primer upper tier diisi oleh guru PNS, segmen pasar kerja primer lower tier diisi oleh guru PPPK, sedangkan segmen pasar kerja sekunder diisi oleh guru non-ASN yaitu guru APBD (JLOP) dan guru BOSDA. Segmentasi tersebut turut dipertahankan melalui praktik MSDM yang tidak diterapkan secara homogen kepada seluruh kelompok guru, sehingga mempertebal batas antar segmen pasar kerja. Segmentasi tersebut terlihat dalam enam aspek utama yaitu kondisi dan beban kerja, honorarium, tunjangan, jenjang karier, pengembangan diri, dan kestabilan pekerjaan. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa segmentasi pasar kerja guru terinstitusionalisasi melalui desain kebijakan nasional dan kerangka regulasi negara yang membuat adanya eksklusi di pasar kerja guru.

Bureaucratic reforms to regulate the employment status of non-ASN staff have not yet been fully completed, given that non-ASN teachers remain an integral part of the education system. Non-ASN teachers have duties and workloads that are relatively similar to those of ASN teachers, yet they often face discrimination and have not received equivalent institutional support. This situation simultaneously creates segmentation in the teachers’ labor market. This study aims to analyze the role of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices in managing the segmentation of the teachers’ labor market and to identify the forms of segmentation in the teachers’ labor market in Yogyakarta City. This study employs a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. Research informants included Dinas Pendidikan Pemuda dan Olahraga Kota Yogyakarta, school principals, ASN teachers, and non-ASN teachers at public junior high schools in Yogyakarta City. Data analysis was conducted thematically using NVivo software.

The research findings indicate that the teacher labor market is divided into several segments, in line with a key assumption of the Dual Labour Market Theory. The upper tier primary labor market segment is occupied by ASN teachers, the lower tier primary labor market segment is occupied by PPPK teachers, while the secondary labor market segment is occupied by non-ASN teachers, namely APBD (JLOP) teachers and BOSDA teachers. This segmentation is further reinforced by HRM practices that are not applied uniformly across all groups of teachers, thereby deepening the boundaries between labor market segments. This segmentation is evident in six main aspects, namely working conditions and workload, compensation, benefits, career progression, professional development, and job stability. The research findings also indicate that the segmentation of the teacher labor market is institutionalized through national policy design and the state’s regulatory framework, which leads to exclusion within the teacher labor market.

Kata Kunci : Manajemen sumber daya manusia, segmentasi pasar kerja, dual labour market theory, guru, Kota Yogyakarta