PENGARUH VARIASI TEMPERATUR THERMAL TREATMENT PASCA-CRUSHING TERHADAP RECOVERY MATERIAL BLACK MASS PADA PRE-TREATMENT DAUR ULANG BATERAI LITHIUM-ION 18650

Ganendra Bagas Verelian, Dr. Ir. Urip Agus Salim S.T., M.Eng.Sc.

2026 | Skripsi | TEKNIK MESIN

Peningkatan penggunaan baterai lithium-ion tipe 18650 pada perangkat elektronik portabel dan kendaraan listrik menimbulkan lonjakan volume limbah yang memerlukan pengolahan efektif melalui daur ulang untuk memperoleh black mass sebagai material bernilai ekonomi. Ikatan binder PVDF yang merekatkan material aktif pada foil kolektor arus masih menjadi tantangan utama pada tahap pre-treatment, khususnya dalam menentukan temperatur thermal treatment yang optimal setelah proses penghancuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh variasi temperatur thermal treatment pasca-crushing terhadap karakteristik visual pelepasan material aktif dari foil kolektor arus dan recovery rate black mass.

Sampel baterai 18650 NMC bekas bertegangan <1>dismantling dan crushing, kemudian dipanaskan dalam furnace pada temperatur 320 °C, 400 °C, dan 480 °C dengan holding time konstan 15 menit, dilanjutkan ball milling 350 rpm selama 180 menit dan pengayakan 200 mesh untuk memperoleh black mass berukuran <74>recovery rate terhadap massa jellyroll awal, dan pengamatan mikroskop digital.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan temperatur 480 °C memberikan perolehan tertinggi, yaitu rata-rata black mass 17,25 g dengan recovery rate 50,65%, dibandingkan 400 °C (14,23 g; 41,99%) dan 320 °C (11,55 g; 34,16%). Peningkatan temperatur mempercepat penguraian separator dan pelemahan ikatan binder PVDF sehingga material aktif lebih mudah terliberasi dari foil kolektor arus, menghasilkan fragmen akhir yang lebih halus dan seragam serta perolehan black mass yang lebih besar.

The increasing use of 18650-type lithium-ion batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has caused a surge in waste volume that requires effective processing through recycling to recover black mass as an economically valuable material. The PVDF binder that adheres the active material to the current collector foil remains a major challenge in the pre-treatment stage, particularly in determining the optimal thermal treatment temperature after the crushing process. This study aims to analyze the effect of post-crushing thermal treatment temperature variation on the visual characteristics of active material detachment from the current collector foil and on the recovery rate of the black mass obtained.

Spent 18650 NMC battery samples with a voltage below 1 V underwent dismantling and crushing, after which the crushed material was heated in a furnace at 320 °C, 400 °C, and 480 °C with a constant holding time of 15 minutes, followed by ball milling at 350 rpm for 180 minutes and sieving through a 200 mesh screen to obtain black mass with a particle size below 74 ?m. Four samples were used for each temperature variation, with analysis carried out through mass measurement at each stage, calculation of the recovery rate against the initial jellyroll mass, and observation using a digital microscope.

The results show that 480 °C produced the highest yield, with an average black mass of 17.25 g and a recovery rate of 50.65%, compared to 400 °C (14.23 g; 41.99%) and 320 °C (11.55 g; 34.16%). Increasing the temperature accelerated separator decomposition and weakened the PVDF binder bonds, allowing the active material to be liberated more readily from the current collector foil and producing finer, more uniform final fragments as well as a greater black mass yield.

Kata Kunci : Baterai lithium-ion 18650, heat treatment pasca-crushing, black mass, recovery rate, variasi temperatur.