Modal Sosial Komunitas Ojol Tunarungu Relawan Indonesia (KOTRI) di Tengah Kerentanan Berlapis yang Dihadapi oleh Pengemudi Ojek Online Difabel

Rifat Ramadiyo, Odam Asdi Artosa, S.Sos., M.A.

2026 | Skripsi | Sosiologi

Sektor ojek online yang digambarkan sebagai lapangan kerja yang fleksibel ternyata menyimpan kerentanan berlapis bagi pengemudi difabel mencakup ketidakpastian kerja gig economy, hambatan komunikasi, hingga desain algoritmik yang secara struktural bersifat ableist. Penelitian ini mengkaji dinamika modal sosial dalam Komunitas Ojol Tunarungu Relawan Indonesia (KOTRI) sebagai respons terhadap kerentanan tersebut dengan menggunakan kerangka teori modal sosial Robert Putnam (1993; 2000) yang mencakup kepercayaan, norma, dan jaringan sosial. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus dan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap lima informan (satu pendiri dan empat anggota pengemudi difabel) serta observasi dan dokumentasi di wilayah Jabodetabek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial di KOTRI terbentuk secara bertahap melalui akumulasi pengalaman bersama, dengan kepercayaan yang masih bersifat personal, norma yang berkembang melalui dua jalur berbeda, serta jaringan bonding dan bridging yang asimetris dalam relasinya dengan platform. Modal sosial tersebut kemudian ditransformasikan menjadi empat dimensi strategi kolektif, yakni menghadapi hambatan komunikasi dan platform, perlindungan ekonomi, peningkatan kapasitas, serta upaya membangun identitas dan legitimasi komunitas. Strategi-strategi ini berkontribusi terhadap keberlangsungan kerja anggota melalui pembukaan akses ke platform, rasa aman dalam bekerja, dan dorongan menuju kemandirian. Namun penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa KOTRI menjalankan mekanisme substitusi sosial dengan mengisi celah yang seharusnya menjadi tanggung jawab platform dan negara, sehingga keberhasilan komunitas berisiko melegitimasi kelalaian sistem formal. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa kajian modal sosial dalam konteks gig economy perlu lebih peka terhadap keragaman kondisi pekerja, khususnya mereka yang menghadapi kerentanan berlapis karena kondisi difabel.

The ride-hailing sector often portrayed as a source of flexible employment but actually has multiple layers of vulnerability for drivers with disabilities, from the job insecurity inherent in the gig economy and communication barriers to algorithmic designs that are structurally ableist. This study examines the dynamics of social capital within the Komunitas Ojol Tunarungu Relawan Indonesia (KOTRI) as a response to these vulnerabilities, using Robert Putnam’s (1993; 2000) theoretical framework of social capital, which encompasses trust, norms, and social networks. The study employs a qualitative approach using the case study method, with data collected through in-depth interviews with five informants (one founder and four drivers with disabilities) as well as observation and documentation in the Jabodetabek area. The results indicate that social capital within KOTRI has formed gradually through the accumulation of shared experiences, characterized by trust that remains largely personal in nature, norms that have developed through two distinct pathways, and asymmetrical bonding and bridging networks in their relationship with the platform. This social capital is then transformed into four dimensions of collective strategy, addressing communication and platform barriers, economic protection, capacity building, and efforts to build community identity and legitimacy. These strategies contribute to the sustainability of members’ work by providing access to platforms, a sense of security in their work, and encouragement toward self-reliance. However, this study also found that KOTRI operates a mechanism of social substitution by filling gaps that should be the responsibility of platforms and the state, meaning that the community’s success risks legitimizing the formal system’s negligence. This finding underscores that analyses of social capital in the context of the gig economy must be more sensitive to the diversity of workers’ circumstances, particularly those facing multiple layers of vulnerability due to disabilities.

Kata Kunci : Modal Sosial, Komunitas Ojek Online, Pengemudi Difabel, Tuli, Ekonomi Gig