Evaluasi Pengelolaan Perpanjangan Jangka Waktu Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan (Extension of Time) Pada Proyek Pembangkit Listrik

Jhibril, Arief Setiawan Budi Nugroho, S.T., M.Eng., Ph.D., ; Dr. Richo Andi Wibowo, S.H., LL.M.,

2026 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Sipil

Keterlambatan proyek konstruksi yang diikuti pemberian perpanjangan jangka waktu pelaksanaan pekerjaan (Extension of time/EoT) berpotensi menimbulkan klaim biaya tidak langsung seperti overhead atau prolongation cost. Pada proyek pembangkit listrik, kontrak dan praktik evaluasinya kerap belum membedakan keterlambatan yang hanya melahirkan hak atas waktu dari yang dapat melahirkan hak atas biaya, sehingga perpanjangan waktu dapat berkembang menjadi sengketa. Penelitian bertujuan memetakan pola permasalahan evaluasi EoT, menilai pemahaman evaluator owner beserta sumber kelemahannya, menganalisis kecukupan klausul kontrak dibandingkan standar kontrak internasional, menelusuri keterkaitannya dengan sengketa klaim biaya melalui arbitrase dan audit pihak ketiga, serta menyusun model evaluasi dan rumusan amendemen kontrak yang berkeadilan.

Penelitian merupakan studi kasus dengan pendekatan metode campuran (mixed methods) model tertanam berorientasi kualitatif-dominan pada dua proyek pembangkit listrik tenaga uap yang dipilih purposif. Teknik analisis data mencakup analisis kualitatif terhadap dokumen kontrak, amendemen, dokumen evaluasi EoT, Pendapat Mengikat Arbitrase, dan laporan audit auditor negara yang dibandingkan dengan SCL Delay and Disruption Protocol serta FIDIC Green Book 2021, dan analisis kuantitatif deskriptif terhadap kuis pemahaman 50 soal kepada 13 evaluator owner. 

Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa praktik evaluasi EoT belum berbasis klasifikasi keterlambatan, data progres, pengujian concurrent delay, maupun critical path, sehingga lebih administratif daripada analitis. Seluruh evaluator berada di atas ambang pemahaman (rata-rata 93,54), sehingga akar persoalan bukan pada kapasitas individu, melainkan pada belum terlembagakannya pemahaman ke dalam instrumen kontraktual dan prosedural; pemahaman terendah pada penerapan kasus dan CPM. Pada Pembangkit A, lemahnya dasar evaluasi berkembang menjadi sengketa overhead, dengan fokus bergeser dari kualitas evaluasi (arbitrase) ke verifikasi nilai (auditor negara) tanpa pengujian ulang entitlement; simulasi FIDIC menunjukkan perlakuan mekanis seluruh hari EoT menghasilkan nilai sekitar delapan kali hasil reviu. Penelitian menyimpulkan perlunya model evaluasi EoT berbasis entitlement secara berjenjang dengan pemisahan tegas hak atas waktu; dan hak atas waktu dengan hak atas biaya, disertai rumusan klausul amendemen kontrak, karena pemberian EoT tidak otomatis menjadi dasar klaim biaya.

Construction delays followed by the granting of an Extension of Time (EoT) may give rise to indirect cost claims such as overhead or prolongation cost. In power plant projects, contracts and their evaluation practices often fail to distinguish delays that give rise only to a right to time from those that may give rise to a right to cost, so that time extensions can escalate into disputes. This study aims to map the problem patterns in EoT evaluation, assess owner evaluators' understanding and the source of evaluation weaknesses, analyze the adequacy of contract clauses against international contract standards, trace the relationship between EoT evaluation and cost-claim disputes through arbitration and a third-party audit, and formulate a fairer evaluation model and contract amendment.

This research is a case study using an embedded mixed-methods approach with a qualitativedominant orientation on two purposively selected steam power plant projects. The data analysis techniques comprise qualitative analysis of contract documents, amendments, EoT evaluation documents, the Binding Arbitration Opinion, and the government internal auditor audit report compared with the SCL Delay and Disruption Protocol and the FIDIC Green Book 2021 and descriptive quantitative analysis of a 50-question comprehension quiz administered to 13 owner evaluators.

The results show that EoT evaluation practice was not based on delay classification, detailed progress data, concurrent-delay testing, or critical path analysis, making it administrative rather than analytical. All evaluators scored above the threshold (an average of 93.54), indicating that the root problem lies not in individual capacity but in the failure to institutionalize that understanding within contractual and procedural instruments; the weakest areas were case application and CPM. In Project A, the weak basis of EoT evaluation escalated into an overhead-cost dispute, with the focus shifting from evaluation quality (arbitration) to value verification (government internal auditor) without re-examining entitlement; a FIDIC-based simulation showed that treating all EoT days mechanically produced a value about eight times the review result. The study concludes the need for a staged, entitlement-based EoT evaluation model with a clear separation between the right to time and the right to cost, accompanied by draft contract amendment clauses, because granting an EoT does not automatically constitute a basis for a cost claim.

Kata Kunci : Extension of time, klasifikasi keterlambatan, prolongation cost, critical path, amendemen kontrak