PROSES PENUBUHAN MELALUI PERAYAAN EKARISTI DALAM PERSPEKTIF HABITUS PIERRE BOURDIEU

Gregorius Anugerah Paska, Prof. Drs. M. Mukhtasar Syamsuddin, M.Hum., Ph.D of Arts. ; Dr. M. Rodinal Khair Khasri, S.Fil., M.Phil.

2026 | Skripsi | ILMU FILSAFAT

Paus Benediktus XVI menyatakan keprihatinan bahwa kekayaan dalam dokumen Gereja, seperti Petunjuk Umum Misa Romawi (PUMR) dan Susunan Bacaan Misa (disebut juga Tata Perayaan Ekaristi) tidak selalu diketahui dan dipahami oleh komunitas gerejawi. Namun, kenyataan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa saat Perayaan Ekaristi berlangsung, gerak dan sikap tubuh umat selaras dengan aturan tata gerak dan sikap tubuh dalam PUMR dan TPE serta menunjukkan keseragaman antara umat yang satu dengan umat yang lain. Fenomena ini menimbulkan pertanyaan krusial: Jika umat tidak mengetahui keberadaan atau aturan dalam PUMR dan TPE, lantas bagaimana umat melakukan penubuhan gerak dan sikap tubuh yang pada praktiknya tetap sesuai dengan PUMR dan TPE serta menunjukkan keseragaman saat Perayaan Ekaristi?

Teori habitus Pierre Bourdieu digunakan sebagai perspektif untuk menjelaskan adanya logika praktis di balik tindakan manusia, yakni sebuah mode pengetahuan yang inheren di dalam tubuh. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menyelidiki proses penubuhan sikap umat dan iman Katolik saat Perayaan Ekaristi dalam perspektif teori habitus Pierre Bourdieu.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan filosofis. Objek material dalam penelitian ini adalah proses penubuhan sikap umat dan iman Katolik saat Perayaan Ekaristi, sedangkan objek formal dalam penelitian ini adalah teori habitus Pierre Bourdieu. Bahan utama penelitian ini adalah data pustaka yang didukung oleh wawancara. Penelitian ini dijalankan dengan tahapan persiapan, pengumpulan dan pemilahan data, pengolahan dan analisis data, serta penyusunan laporan. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan langkah reduksi data, display data, pemahaman, interpretasi, dan penafsiran, serta kesimpulan dan verifikasi.

Temuan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa gerak dan sikap tubuh dalam Perayaan Ekaristi adalah berdiri, duduk, dan berlutut atau membungkukkan badan, menebah dada, serta menundukkan kepala, yang dilakukan umat sebagai tanda penyembahan Tuhan dan dengannya umat menyatakan iman bahwa Kristus sungguh hadir secara nyata dalam Perayaan Ekaristi. Proses penubuhan sikap umat dan iman Katolik tersebut dihasilkan oleh logika praktis, yakni habitus sikap hormat umat kepada kehadiran nyata Yesus dalam Perayaan Ekaristi. Habitus tersebut kemudian termanifestasi dalam hexis tubuh umat berupa gerak dan sikap tubuh umat, yang tetap sesuai dengan PUMR dan TPE serta menunjukkan keseragaman saat Perayaan Ekaristi, kendati umat tidak mengetahui keberadaan atau aturan dalam PUMR dan TPE.

Pope Benedict XVI expressed concern that the richness within Church documents, such as the General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM) and the Lectionary for Mass (also referred to as the Order of Mass), is not always known and understood by ecclesial communities. However, reality on the ground indicates that during the celebration of the Eucharist, the bodily movements and postures of the congregation align with the liturgical rubrics prescribed in the GIRM and the Order of Mass, demonstrating a distinct uniformity among the faithful. This phenomenon raises a crucial question: If the congregation is unaware of the existence or the specific rules within the GIRM and the Order of Mass, how do they embody these movements and postures, which in practice remain consistent with the prescribed rubrics and exhibit uniformity during the Eucharistic Celebration?

Pierre Bourdieu's theory of habitus is utilized as a perspective to explain the practical logic behind human action, a mode of knowledge that arise from a knowledge inherent within the body. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the process of embodying congregation's postures and Catholic faith during the Eucharistic Celebration through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of habitus.

This research is a qualitative descriptive research employing a philosophical approach. The material object of this research is the process of embodying the congregation's postures and the Catholic faith during the Eucharistic Celebration, whereas the formal object is Pierre Bourdieu's theory of habitus. The primary research material consists of library data, supported by interviews. This research was conducted through the stages of preparation, data collection and sorting, data processing and analysis, as well as report writing. The research data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, comprehension, interpretation, and conceptualization, followed by drawing conclusions and verification.

The findings of this research indicate that the bodily movements and postures during the Eucharistic Celebration comprise standing, sitting, kneeling or bowing, striking the breast, and bowing the head, which are performed by the congregation as a sign of worship to God, through which they declare their faith that Christ is truly and really present in the Eucharist. The process of embodying the postures of the congregation and the Catholic faith is generated by a practical logic, namely the habitus of reverence toward the real presence of Jesus in the Eucharistic Celebration. This habitus is subsequently manifested in the congregation's bodily hexis in the form of bodily movements and postures, which remain consistent with the prescribed rubrics and exhibit uniformity during the Eucharistic Celebration, despite the congregation's lack of knowledge regarding the existence or the rules of the GIRM and the Order of Mass.

Kata Kunci : Ekaristi, Transubstansiasi, Tubuh, Habitus, dan Hexis Tubuh