Analisis Indeks Waste Material dan Faktor Penyebab untuk Strategi Pengelolaan 3R (Reduce, Reuse, dan Recycle) pada Proyek Konstruksi (Studi Kasus Proyek Konstruksi di Yogyakarta)

Eka Harya Valentin, Ir. Tantri Nastiti Handayani, S.T., M.Eng., Ph.D., IPM.; Ir. Ashar Saputra, S.T., M.T., Ph.D., IPM., ASEAN.Eng.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Sipil

Limbah konstruksi dan demolisi menyumbang 25-30% limbah padat global, dan pesatnya pertumbuhan konstruksi Indonesia meningkatkan volume waste material di lapangan. Studi terdahulu mengukur waste secara agregat tanpa menguraikannya per tahapan pengelolaan material (pengadaan, penyimpanan, pemakaian) maupun mengaitkannya dengan biaya dan faktor penyebab. Penelitian ini mengisi kesenjangan tersebut dengan tujuan mengidentifikasi indeks waste material bata ringan, keramik, gipsum, Ready Mix Concrete (RMC), baja tulangan (P10, D10, D13, dan D16), dan kayu bekisting di Yogyakarta; mengkaji implementasi 3R dalam tiga tahapan manajemen material; serta merumuskan faktor penyebab waste dan rekomendasi 3R berbasis data empiris. Penelitian menggunakan desain studi kasus tunggal pada satu proyek gedung di Yogyakarta, mencakup sembilan material. Data kuantitatif (volume pekerjaan, pengadaan, penerimaan, dan stok material) digunakan untuk menghitung Material Waste Rate (MWR) mengikuti metode rasio konsumsi, dengan koefisien kebutuhan material mengacu pada SNI Analisa Harga Satuan Pekerjaan. Waste Cost (WC) dihitung berdasarkan kerangka tujuh komponen biaya (B1-B7). Data kualitatif dari wawancara semi-terstruktur terhadap lima responden yang terpilih melalui purposive sampling atas keterlibatannya dalam proses manajemen material, dianalisis melalui pengkodean untuk mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab waste per tahapan, praktik dan potensi 3R, sebagai dasar strategi 3R. Hasil menunjukkan MWR bervariasi dari 0,61% (RMC, terendah) hingga 7,06% (keramik, tertinggi); total waste cost proyek Rp7.698.349,27 (2,97% nilai pekerjaan) didominasi kerugian material langsung/B1 (93,50%), dengan keramik sebagai kontributor terbesar (59,93?ri B1). Implementasi 3R berjalan sebagian dan belum terintegrasi: reduce melalui pemesanan bertahap dan pemotongan digital, reuse informal, recycle baru terealisasi pada baja tulangan. Teridentifikasi 20 faktor penyebab waste pada tahap pengadaan, penyimpanan, dan pemakaian, dengan pemakaian paling dominan akibat pemotongan tidak standar dan ketergantungan keahlian manual. Disimpulkan bahwa integrasi MWR, waste cost, dan faktor penyebab memungkinkan strategi 3R spesifik per material dan tahapan, dengan prioritas tertinggi pada keramik dan RMC, menegaskan pergeseran pengelolaan waste dari pendekatan reaktif menuju praktik sirkular proaktif.

Construction and demolition waste accounts for 25–30% of global solid waste, and rapid construction growth in Indonesia is increasing the volume of waste materials on-site. Previous studies have measured waste in aggregate terms without breaking it down by material management stages (procurement, storage, usage) or linking it to costs and causative factors. This research addresses that gap by aiming to identify material waste indices for lightweight bricks, ceramics, gypsum, Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC), reinforcing steel, and timber in Yogyakarta; examine 3R implementation across the three material management stages; and formulate waste-causing factors and 3R recommendations based on empirical data. The study employed a single case study design on a building project in Yogyakarta over a 15-week period, covering nine materials. Quantitative data (work volume, procurement, receipt, and material stock) were used to calculate the Material Waste Rate (MWR) using the consumption ratio method, with material requirement coefficients based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for Unit Price Analysis. Waste Cost (WC) was calculated using a seven-component cost framework (B1–B7). Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with five respondents were analyzed via coding to identify waste-causing factors by stage and 3R practices and potential, serving as the basis for a 3R strategy. Results show MWRs ranging from 0.61% (RMC, lowest) to 7.06% (ceramics, highest); the total project waste cost was IDR 7,698,349.27 (2.97% of the project value), dominated by direct material loss/B1 (93.50%), with ceramics as the largest contributor (59.93% of B1). 3R implementation was partial and lacked integration: "reduce" was achieved through phased ordering and digital cutting; "reuse" occurred informally; and "recycle" was realized only for reinforcing steel. Twenty factors causing waste during the procurement, storage, and usage stages were identified, with usage-related waste primarily driven by non-standard cutting and a reliance on manual skills. It is concluded that integrating MWR, waste costs, and causal factors enables the implementation of material- and stage-specific 3R strategies prioritizing ceramics and RMC thereby underscoring a shift in waste management from a reactive approach to proactive circular practices.

Kata Kunci : Limbah Konstruksi, Material Waste Rate, Waste Cost, Faktor Penyebab, Strategi 3R