Perancangan Sistem Constructed Wetland sebagai Nature-based Solutions untuk Pengolahan Lindi Menggunakan Model P-k-C* Studi Kasus TPA Banyuroto, Kulon Progo

Titan Aurel Raf'ata, Ir. Neil Andika, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2026 | Skripsi | S1 TEKNIK INFRASTRUKTUR LINGKUNGAN

Air lindi yang dihasilkan dari tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA) sampah mengandung senyawa organik, nitrogen, dan logam berat dalam konsentrasi tinggi yang berpotensi mencemari lingkungan apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik. Sistem Constructed Wetland (CW) yang telah ada di TPA Banyuroto, Kabupaten Kulonprogo tidak dapat beroperasi akibat adanya penyumbatan, sehingga diperlukan perancangan sistem pengolahan yang baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami karakter lindi TPA Banyuroto sebagai dasar perancangan, merancang sistem CW menggunakan model P-k-C*, serta mengevaluasi kesesuaian efluen hasil rancangan terhadap baku mutu lindi berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri LHK Nomor 59 Tahun 2016. 

Perancangan dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi tiga alternatif sistem CW, yaitu Vertical Flow (VF), Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF), dan sistem Hybrid (VF + HSSF). Basis perancangan ditetapkan menggunakan data lapangan dengan debit Q = 5,884 m3/hari dan konsentrasi influen BOD, COD, TSS, TN, Hg, Cd, dan pH sebesar 744, 2.550, 249, 817, 0.0006, <0>

Luas permukaan dihitung menggunakan model P-k-C* (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009) yang merupakan model perancangan constructed wetland dengan mempertimbangkan lajudegradasi pencemar (k), background concentration (C*), dan tingkat percampuran hidrolik dalam reaktor (P). Setiap alternatif selanjutnya diverifikasi beban hidrolik dan organik guna memastikan dimensi hasil perhitungan model P-k-C* dapat diterapkan secara teknis di lapangan. Verifikasi dilakukan melalui evaluasi Hydraulic Loading Rate, Hydraulic Retention Time, dan Organic Loading Rate untuk memastikan beban hidrolik dan organik berada dalam kapasitas sistem sehingga tidak terjadi kegagalan sistem. Hasil perancangan menunjukkan bahwa Alternatif 1 (VF) membutuhkan luas total 914,20 m2, Alternatif 2 (HSSF) menghasilkan luas terkecil sebesar 605,38 m2, dan Alternatif 3 (Hybrid VF + HSSF) dengan luas total 607,56 m2. Dari ketiga alternatif, hanya alternatif 3 (Hybrid VF + HSSF) yang memenuhi verifikasi hidrolik dan organik. Berdasarkan pertimbangan tersebut, sistem Hybrid (VF + HSSF) dipilih sebagai desain terpilih dengan konsentrasi efluen target BOD, COD, TSS, dan TN sebesar 112,5, 225, 75, dan 45 mg/L yang seluruhnya memenuhi baku mutu lindi yang berlaku. 

Leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills contains high concentrations of organic compounds, nitrogen, and heavy metals that have the potential to pollute the environment if not properly managed. The existing constructed wetland (CW) system at TPA Banyuroto, Kulon Progo Regency, has become non-operational due to clogging, necessitating the design of a new treatment system. This study aims to characterize the leachate of TPA Banyuroto as a basis for design, to design a CW system using the P-k-C* model, and to evaluate the compliance of the resulting effluent design with leachate quality standards based on the Peraturan Menteri LHK Nomor 59 Tahun 2016. 

The design was conducted by evaluating three CW system alternatives, namely Vertical Flow (VF), Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF), and a Hybrid system (VF + HSSF). The design basis was established using field data with a flow rate of Q = 5.884 m³/day and influent concentrations of BOD, COD, TSS, TN, Hg, Cd, and pH of 744, 2,550, 249, 817, 0.0006, <0>

The surface area was calculated using the P-k-C* model (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009), a constructed wetland design model that accounts for the pollutant degradation rate (k), background concentration (C*), and the degree of hydraulic mixing within the reactor (P). Each alternative was subsequently verified for hydraulic and organic loading to ensure that the dimensions obtained from the P-k-C* model calculations could be technically applied in the field. Verification was carried out through the evaluation of Hydraulic Loading Rate, Hydraulic Retention Time, and Organic Loading Rate to ensure that the hydraulic and organic loads remained within the system's capacity, thereby preventing overloading that could trigger the clogging previously experienced in the existing CW system. The design results show that Alternative 1 (VF) requires a total area of 914.20 m², Alternative 2 (HSSF) yields the smallest area of 605.38 m², and Alternative 3 (Hybrid VF + HSSF) has a total area of 607.56 m². Of the three alternatives, only Alternative 3 (Hybrid VF + HSSF) satisfies both the hydraulic and organic loading verifications. Based on these considerations, the Hybrid (VF + HSSF) system was selected as the final design, with target effluent concentrations of BOD, COD, TSS, and TN of 112.5, 225, 75, and 45 mg/L, respectively, all of which comply with the applicable leachate quality standards.

Kata Kunci : Constructed Wetland, Landfill, Lindi, Model P-k-C*, Nature-based Solutions