Pertanggungjawaan Pidana Terhadap Penyandang Disabilitas Sensorik Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana

Michael Ama Baran, Dr. Supriyadi, S.H., M.Hum.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Magister Hukum Litigasi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis ratio decidendi yang digunakan oleh ahkim dalam menilai pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap penyandang disabilitas sensorik sebagai pelaku tindak pidana. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan merumuskan pengaturan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap penyandang disabilitas sebagai pelaku tindak pidana. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Data penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dan didukung oleh data primer berupa hasil wawancara dengan narasumber. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif, sedangkan penarikan kesimpulan dilakukan secara deduktif. Penelitian ini menunjukan dua kesimpulan. Pertama, pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap penyandang disabilitas sensorik sebagai pelaku tindak pidana seperti tunarungu, tunanetra, atau tuna wicara adalah disabilitas fisik dan bukan merupakan gangguan kejiwaan atau mental. Disabilitas sensorik pada umumnya tetap memiliki kesadaran hukum, daya nalar, serta kehendak untuk mengarahkan perbuatan sehingga mereka memiliki unsur memilki kemampuan bertanggungjawab atas tindak pidana yang dilakukan secara yuridis maupun psikiatrik. Selain itu, disabilitas sensorik tidak selalu berkaitan dengan hilangnya kemampuan berpikir atau akal, sehingga tidak secara otomatis termasuk dalam cakupan pasal 44 KUHP. Kedua, pengaturan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap penyandang disabilitas sensorik sebagai pelaku tindak pidana masih terdapat kelemahan dalam aspek ius constitutum. Prospek pengaturan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap penyandang disabilitas sensorik sebagai pelaku tindak pidana dalam ius constituendum memerlukan arah perkembangan hukum yang lebih progresif, inklusif dan humanis. Reformasi hukum pidana kedepan diharapkan mampu mengakomodasi prinsip-prinsip Konvensi PBB tentang Hak penyandang Disabilitas (CRPD) melalui pengakuan hak dan kebutuhan khusus penyandang disabilitas, penyusunan regulasi serta pedoman teknis yang menjamin aksesibilitas dan akomodasi layak, serta penerapan pendekatan multidisipliner dalam penilaian pertanggungjawabn pidana.

This research aims to study and analyze the ratio decidendi incorporated by a judge in determining criminal liability of a perpetrator with a sensory disability. This research also aims to analyze and formulate a regulation with regards to criminal liability for a perpetrator which suffers from a disability. The nature of this research is normative. The data used within this research consists mainly of secondary data and complimented with the primary data which consists of respondent interviews. Secondary data were obtained through study of literature relevant to the research topic. Data analysis was conducted with a qualitative method, with conclusion drawn with a deductive method through analysis of relevant regulations and its connection with the result of research. The research shows two kinds of conclusions. First, criminal liability for persons with sensory disability, such as deafness, blindness, or deaf-mute persons, as a physical disability and not a mental disability. People with sensory disability commonly remains to have awareness to the law, cognitive function, and a free will to determine their own actions, therefore, the perpetrator fullfils the element of liability of a crime which they  have done whether juridically or psychiatrically. Furthermore, sensory disability does not automatically correlate with the disability of thinking or analyzing, therefore they would not automatically apply to the scope of Article 44 of the criminal code. Second, there remains weaknesses / loopholes on the regulation for criminal liability to perpetrators with sensory disability within the aspect of ius constitutum. The propects of regulation for criminal liability to perpetrators with sensory disability in ius constituendum require direction for the development of law that is progressive, inclusive and considers humanity. The future reformation of criminal law is expected to be able to accommodate the principles of United Nations Convention on Disabled People (CRPD) through the recognition of special rights and needs of disabled people, construction of regulation, and technical guidance which ensures proper accessibility and accommodation, along with the implementation of multidisciplinary approach in assessing criminal liability.

Kata Kunci : Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Ius Constitutum, Ius Constituendum, Ratio Decidendi, Penyandang Disabilitas Sensorik, Pertanggungjawaban Pidana