ANALISIS TIME-OF-USE PRICING SEBAGAI NON-WIRES ALTERNATIVE PADA SISTEM KELISTRIKAN TERBATAS DENGAN INTEGRASI RESPONS PELANGGAN, PV DAN BESS

BUDIMANSYAH, Roni Irnawan; Yohan Fajar Sidik

2026 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Elektro

Sistem kelistrikan kepulauan umumnya memiliki keterbatasan kapasitas jaringan sehingga rentan terhadap kondisi beban puncak. Pada sistem kelistrikan Pulau Rupat, pasokan energi bergantung pada satu jalur kabel bawah laut berkapasitas terbatas, sedangkan profil beban harian menunjukkan ketidakseimbangan antara periode puncak dan non-puncak. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh demand response berbasis Time-of-Use (ToU) terhadap profil beban dan beban puncak, mengevaluasi kontribusi photovoltaic (PV) dan battery energy storage system (BESS) terhadap biaya energi, serta membandingkan fungsi objektif minimisasi biaya energi dan minimisasi impor daya puncak jaringan dalam konteks Non-Wires Alternative (NWA). Metode yang digunakan meliputi pemodelan respons beban berbasis elastisitas harga dan optimasi operasi sistem menggunakan Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan ToU menghasilkan load shifting sebesar 1,67 MWh/hari dan menurunkan beban puncak dari 8.138 kW menjadi 7.885 kW atau 3,11%. Integrasi PV dan BESS pada fungsi objektif minimisasi biaya energi menurunkan biaya energi dari Rp151,00 juta/hari menjadi Rp119,26 juta/hari atau 21,02%. Namun, setelah biaya energi ekuivalen PV dan BESS diperhitungkan, penghematan menurun menjadi 6,84%. Sementara itu, fungsi objektif minimisasi impor daya puncak jaringan mampu menurunkan impor daya puncak menjadi 7.635 kW atau 6,18%, tetapi hanya menghasilkan penghematan biaya sebesar 2,33%. Hasil ini menunjukkan adanya trade-off antara manfaat ekonomi dan teknis. Dengan demikian, kombinasi ToU, PV, dan BESS dapat menjadi strategi pendukung NWA pada sistem kelistrikan terbatas, tetapi tetap memerlukan evaluasi teknis dan ekonomi yang lebih komprehensif sebelum dijadikan pengganti penguatan jaringan.

Island power systems generally operate under limited network capacity, making them more vulnerable to peak demand conditions. The Rupat Island power system relies on a single submarine cable with limited transmission capacity, while its daily load profile exhibits a significant imbalance between peak and off-peak periods. This study investigates the impact of Time-of-Use (ToU)-based Demand Response (DR) on load profile modification and peak demand reduction, evaluates the contribution of photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) to energy cost reduction, and compares two objective functions, namely energy cost minimization and peak grid import minimization, within the framework of the Non-Wires Alternative (NWA) approach. The optimization model integrates a price elasticity-based demand response formulation with a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for system operation. The results demonstrate that the ToU-based DR strategy achieves a load shifting of 1.67 MWh/day and reduces the system peak demand from 8,138 kW to 7,885 kW, corresponding to a 3.11% reduction. Under the energy cost minimization objective, the integration of PV and BESS decreases the daily energy cost from Rp151.00 million to Rp119.26 million, representing a 21.02% reduction. However, when the equivalent energy costs of PV and BESS are considered, the overall cost saving decreases to 6.84%. Meanwhile, the peak grid import minimization objective reduces the maximum grid import to 7,635 kW (6.18%) but achieves a relatively lower energy cost saving of 2.33%. These findings reveal a trade-off between economic performance and peak demand mitigation. Therefore, the coordinated integration of ToU, PV, and BESS has the potential to support the implementation of the Non-Wires Alternative approach in capacity-constrained power systems, although further technical and economic assessments are required before it can be considered as an alternative to conventional network reinforcement.

Kata Kunci : Time-of-Use, Demand Response, load elasticity, photovoltaic, battery energy storage system, peak grid import, Non-Wires Alternative